Childhood Trauma Exposure Increases Long COVID Risk

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1. 

   ScreenIT

   Feb 25, 2022

   SciScore for 10.1101/2022.02.18.22271191: (What is this?)

   Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

   Table 1: Rigor

   Ethics	IRB: All studies were approved by the University of Dayton Institutional Review Board (IRB), and participants provided voluntary informed consent obtained in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent: All studies were approved by the University of Dayton Institutional Review Board (IRB), and participants provided voluntary informed consent obtained in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
   Sex as a biological variable	Two (recovered, long COVID) x two (male, female) ANCOVAs were used to examine group differences in PTSD, depression, and generalized anxiety severity, and childhood and recent trauma burden when controlling for age.
   Randomization	not detected.
   Blinding	not detected.
   P…

   SciScore for 10.1101/2022.02.18.22271191: (What is this?)

   Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

   Table 1: Rigor

   Ethics	IRB: All studies were approved by the University of Dayton Institutional Review Board (IRB), and participants provided voluntary informed consent obtained in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent: All studies were approved by the University of Dayton Institutional Review Board (IRB), and participants provided voluntary informed consent obtained in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
   Sex as a biological variable	Two (recovered, long COVID) x two (male, female) ANCOVAs were used to examine group differences in PTSD, depression, and generalized anxiety severity, and childhood and recent trauma burden when controlling for age.
   Randomization	not detected.
   Blinding	not detected.
   Power Analysis	Sample Size Estimation: We estimated the minimum sample size using G-Power version 3.1.9.7 and determined that samples of N=128 and N=351 and would provide 80% power to detect moderate and small effects, respectively.

   Table 2: Resources

   Software and Algorithms
   Sentences	Resources
   Data Analysis: Data analysis was performed with SPSS (version 27.0).	SPSS suggested: (SPSS, RRID:SCR_002865)
   Sample Size Estimation: We estimated the minimum sample size using G-Power version 3.1.9.7 and determined that samples of N=128 and N=351 and would provide 80% power to detect moderate and small effects, respectively.	G-Power suggested: (G*Power, RRID:SCR_013726)

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   Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).

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   Results from LimitationRecognizer: We detected the following sentences addressing limitations in the study:

   Limitations: Our finding that childhood trauma exposure increases long COVID risk is novel, but there are several limitations of this study that must be considered. Participants were recruited online, and it is possible that those who developed long COVID are more invested in participating, potentially inflating the number of individuals with the syndrome, although our rates of long COVID are notably consistent with other reports.6-10 We also did not have COVID-19 positivity confirmed for all participants; however, we excluded participants who did not report a positive PCR-test, a clinician diagnosis, or smell/taste loss (which is the strongest indicator of COVID-19 positivity),21 minimizing the likelihood of including participants with no SARS-CoV-2 exposure. The cross-sectional design also limits our ability to determine causality, as is the case in any research examining the impact of childhood trauma in adults. Conclusion: In sum, our findings provide further evidence that long COVID is not infrequent and that it disproportionately affects females. Childhood trauma exposure may increase long COVID risk via altered immune responses, central sensitization, and disrupted peripheral nervous system function. The widespread prevalence of long COVID may shed light on the shared pathophysiology with other phenotypically similar syndromes that are more rarely diagnosed. Childhood trauma, a crucial social determinant of health, should be routinely assessed in COVID-19 survivors and...

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   Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.

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   Results from Barzooka: We found bar graphs of continuous data. We recommend replacing bar graphs with more informative graphics, as many different datasets can lead to the same bar graph. The actual data may suggest different conclusions from the summary statistics. For more information, please see Weissgerber et al (2015).

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   Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.

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   Results from rtransparent:

   • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
   • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
   • No protocol registration statement was detected.

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   Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.

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2. 

   Version published to 10.1101/2022.02.18.22271191v1 on medRxiv

   Feb 22, 2022