A pseudotyped lentivirus-based assay to titer SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in Mexico

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Abstract

Measuring the neutralizing potential of SARS-CoV-2 antigens-exposed sera informs on effective humoral immunity. This is relevant to 1-monitor levels of protection within an asymptomatic population, 2-evaluate the efficacy of existing and novel vaccines against emerging variants, 3-test prospective therapeutic monoclonal neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and, overall, to contribute to understand SARS-CoV-2 immunity. However, the gold-standard method to titer NAbs is a functional assay of virus-mediated infection, which requires biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) facilities. As these facilities are insufficient in Latin American countries, including Mexico, scant information has been obtained about NAb in these countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. An alternative solution to acquire NAb information locally is to use non-replicative viral particles that display the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein on their surface, and deliver a reporter gene into target cells upon transduction. Here we present the development of a NAb-measuring assay based on Nanoluc-mediated luminescence measurements from SARS-CoV-2 S-pseudotyped lentiviral particle-infected cells. The successive steps of development are presented, including lentiviral particles production, target cell selection, and TCID50 determination. We applied the optimized assay in a BSL-2 facility to measure NAbs in 15 pre-pandemic, 18 COVID-19 convalescent and 32 BNT162b2 vaccinated serum samples, which evidenced the assay with 100% sensitivity, 86.6% specificity and 96% accuracy. The assay highlighted heterogeneity in neutralization curves which are relevant in discussing neutralization potency dynamics. Overall, this is the first report of a BSL-2 safe functional assay to measure SARS-CoV-2 in Mexico and a cornerstone methodology necessary to measure NAb with a functional assay in the context of limited resources settings.

Importance

Evaluating effective humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 requires a functional assay with infectious virus. Handling the authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus requires specialized facilities that are not readily available in Latin America, including Mexico. Here we produce non-replicative viral particles pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein that are used as safe surrogate viral particles in an optimized BSL-2 ready neutralization assay. The establishment of this assay is critical to allow the evaluation of effective humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 post-infection and to monitor the efficacy of existing or novel vaccines against emerging variants in the Mexican population.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2022.01.27.478128: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    EthicsConsent: Samples were collected and used upon signed informed consent and anonymization.
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Cell Line Authenticationnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    Briefly 3 x105 cells were incubated on ice with mouse anti-human ACE2 monoclonal antibody conjugated to AF-647 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA, cat.
    anti-human ACE2
    suggested: None
    A chimeric monoclonal antibody (Sino Biological, cat 40150-D001) was used to detected SARS-CoV-2-S as primary antibody, and a goat anti-human IgG conjugated to HRP (Bio-Rad, cat. 204005) was used as secondary antibody.
    anti-human IgG
    suggested: (SouthernBiotech Cat# 2040-05, RRID:AB_2795644)
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    , Vero (ATCC CCL-81), Vero E6 (ATCC CRL-1586) and Caco-2 (HTB-37) cells were obtained from ATCC and maintained in high-glucose DMEM (Caisson, cat.
    Vero E6
    suggested: None
    Caco-2
    suggested: None
    , pCAG-HIVgp, and pCMV-SARS-CoV-2-S-RSV-REV were co-transfected at a 3:2:1 DNA ratio using the calcium phosphate method to confluent HEK-293T cells.
    HEK-293T
    suggested: None
    Post-incubation, 25,000 Vero cells were added to each well and the plate was incubated for 24 h at 37 °C and 5% CO2.
    Vero
    suggested: None
    Recombinant DNA
    SentencesResources
    Vector constructions: The pCAG-HIVgp and pCMV-VSV-G-RSV-REV plasmids were acquired through the Riken Institute BioResource Center53.
    pCMV-VSV-G-RSV-REV
    suggested: None
    The pCMV-SARS-CoV-2-S-RSV-REV plasmid was produced by cloning the SARS-CoV-2 S sequence, obtained from pCMV14-3X-Flag-SARS-CoV-2 S which encodes codon optimized SARS-CoV-2 S protein lacking the last 19 amino acids at the C-terminal3, in place of the VSV-G gene, between the NheI and XbaI restriction sites.
    pCMV-SARS-CoV-2-S-RSV-REV
    suggested: None
    pCMV14-3X-Flag-SARS-CoV-2
    suggested: RRID:Addgene_145780)
    The pLenti-Nluc was produced by cloning the Nluc sequence amplified from pCCI-SP6-ZIKV-Nluc, between the XbaI and BamHI restriction sites within the pLentiCRISPR v2 backbone (cat. 52961, Addgene, Massachussets, USA.) and removing the Cas9 gene.
    pLenti-Nluc
    suggested: None
    pCCI-SP6-ZIKV-Nluc
    suggested: None
    pLentiCRISPR v2
    suggested: RRID:Addgene_169885)
    We produced the plasmid pCMV-REV by removing the envelope protein gene from pCMV-VSV-G-RSV-REV.
    pCMV-REV
    suggested: None
    , pCAG-HIVgp, and pCMV-SARS-CoV-2-S-RSV-REV were co-transfected at a 3:2:1 DNA ratio using the calcium phosphate method to confluent HEK-293T cells.
    pCAG-HIVgp
    suggested: None
    Western blot: The selective incorporation of SARS-CoV-2-S or VSV-G, and p24 proteins in VP was validated by western blot.
    VSV-G
    suggested: RRID:Addgene_138479)
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    At least 20,000 events were acquired per sample, and the data was analysed using FlowJo v.
    FlowJo
    suggested: (FlowJo, RRID:SCR_008520)
    Statistical analysis: All statistical analyzes were performed using GraphPad Prism v.9 software and p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
    GraphPad Prism
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • No conflict of interest statement was detected. If there are no conflicts, we encourage authors to explicit state so.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.


    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.