Mucosal and systemic responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in infection naïve and experienced individuals
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Abstract
With much of the world infected with or vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, understanding the immune responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein in different situations is crucial to controlling the pandemic. We studied the clinical, systemic, mucosal, and cellular responses to two doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in 62 individuals with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure that were divided into three groups based on serostatus and/or degree of symptoms: Antibody negative, Asymptomatic, and Symptomatic. In the previously SARS-CoV-2-infected (SARS2-infected) Asymptomatic and Symptomatic groups, symptoms related to a recall response were elicited after the first vaccination. Anti-S trimer IgA and IgG levels peaked after 1 st vaccination in the SARS2-infected groups, and were higher that the in the SARS2-naive group in the plasma and nasal samples at all time points. Neutralizing antibodies titers were also higher against the WA-1 and B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants of SARS-CoV-2 in the SARS2-infected compared to SARS2-naïve vaccinees. After the first vaccination, differences in cellular immunity were not evident between groups, but the AIM + CD4 + cell response correlated with durability of humoral immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 S protein. In those SARS2-infected, the number of vaccinations needed for protection, the durability, and need for boosters are unknown. However, the lingering differences between the SARS2-infected and SARS2-naïve up to 10 months post-vaccination could explain the decreased reinfection rates in the SARS2-infected vaccinees recently reported and suggests that additional strategies (such as boosting of the SARS2-naïve vaccinees) are needed to narrow the differences observed between these groups.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2021.12.13.472159: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Ethics Consent: All volunteers in this study provided informed consent for the IRB approved study (University of Maryland, Baltimore). Sex as a biological variable not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Study Design: HCW who had previously enrolled in a hospital-wide serosurvey study in the summer of 2020 (4), conducted at the University of Maryland Medical Center, were randomly contacted based on stratification into three groups, as previously described (13): SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative (Ab negative); IgG positive asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic COVID-19 … SciScore for 10.1101/2021.12.13.472159: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Ethics Consent: All volunteers in this study provided informed consent for the IRB approved study (University of Maryland, Baltimore). Sex as a biological variable not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Study Design: HCW who had previously enrolled in a hospital-wide serosurvey study in the summer of 2020 (4), conducted at the University of Maryland Medical Center, were randomly contacted based on stratification into three groups, as previously described (13): SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative (Ab negative); IgG positive asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic COVID-19 (Asymptomatic); and IgG positive with history of symptomatic (> 3 days of symptoms) COVID-19 (Symptomatic). SARS-CoV-2 IgGsuggested: NoneAdditionally, antibody responses to the secretory component (SC), indicative of secretory IgA or IgM, were evaluated in nasal and plasma samples. IgMsuggested: NoneFifteen minutes prior to the addition of the MPs, 0.5 μg/mL anti-CD40 mAb (Miltenyi Biotec) and CXCR5 antibody were added. anti-CD40suggested: NoneCXCR5suggested: NoneExperimental Models: Cell Lines Sentences Resources This admixture was added to Vero cells, and cytopathic effect was assayed visually. Verosuggested: CLS Cat# 605372/p622_VERO, RRID:CVCL_0059)Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources T cell data was analyzed using FlowJo 10.7.1. FlowJosuggested: (FlowJo, RRID:SCR_008520)Statistical analysis was carried out with GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software). GraphPad Prismsuggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)GraphPadsuggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.
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