Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala state, India amidst of COVID-19 pandemic
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Abstract
Background
We report here a Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak in Kozhikode district of Kerala state, India which had caused fatal encephalitis in an adolescent male and the outbreak response which led to the successful containment of the disease and the related investigations.
Methods
Quantitative real-time RT-PCR, ELISA based antibody detection and whole genome sequencing were performed to confirm the Nipah virus infection. Contacts of the index case were traced and isolated based on risk categorization. Bats from the areas near the epicenter of the outbreak were sampled for throat swabs, rectal swabs and blood samples for Nipah virus screening by real time RT-PCR and anti-Nipah virus bat IgG ELISA. Plaque reduction neutralization test was performed for the detection of neutralizing antibodies.
Results
Nipah viral RNA and anti-NiV IgG antibodies were detected in the serum of the index case. Rapid establishment of an onsite NiV diagnostic facility and contact tracing helped in quick containment of the outbreak. NiV sequences retrieved from the clinical specimen of the index case formed a sub-cluster with the earlier reported Nipah I genotype sequences from India with more than 95% similarity. Anti-NiV IgG positivity could be detected in 21% of Pteropus medius and 37.73% of Rousettus leschenaultia . Neutralizing antibodies against NiV could be detected in P . medius .
Conclusions
Stringent surveillance and awareness campaigns needs to be implemented in the area to reduce human-bat interactions and minimize spill over events which can lead to sporadic outbreaks of NiV.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2021.12.09.21267278: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Ethics IACUC: The sampling was performed with the prior approval from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, Institutional Biosafety Committee of ICMR-NIV, Pune and the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Government of Kerala. Sex as a biological variable Case history: In August 2021, an adolescent male (index case) resident of Kozhikode district, Kerala state, India developed low grade fever (Supplementary Figure.1). Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Briefly, the microtiter plates were coated with 1: 100 diluted anti-human IgM antibodies (Sigma, USA) overnight at 40C. ant…SciScore for 10.1101/2021.12.09.21267278: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Ethics IACUC: The sampling was performed with the prior approval from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, Institutional Biosafety Committee of ICMR-NIV, Pune and the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Government of Kerala. Sex as a biological variable Case history: In August 2021, an adolescent male (index case) resident of Kozhikode district, Kerala state, India developed low grade fever (Supplementary Figure.1). Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Briefly, the microtiter plates were coated with 1: 100 diluted anti-human IgM antibodies (Sigma, USA) overnight at 40C. anti-human IgMsuggested: NoneThe plates were washed and anti-NiV biotinylated antibodies were added and incubated for one hour. anti-NiVsuggested: NoneAfter washing, 100 micro litre of 1:15000 dilution of anti-human IgG HRP antibodies were added and incubated for one hr at 37°C. anti-human IgGsuggested: NoneExperimental Models: Cell Lines Sentences Resources After washing with wash buffer for four times, inactivated NiV antigen (positive antigen) and Vero-CCL81 cell lysate (negative antigen) were added and incubated for one hr at 37°C. Vero-CCL81suggested: NoneAnti-Nipah human IgG ELISA: Briefly, microtiter plates were coated with 0.1 ml of inactivated NiV antigen and normal Vero CCL81 cell lysate as negative antigen in carbonate buffer (pH 9.2, 0.025 M) overnight at 4°C. Vero CCL81suggested: NoneThe mixture was incubated for 1 hour and was added to 24-well tissue culture plate containing a confluent monolayer of Vero CCL-81 cells. Vero CCL-81suggested: NoneSoftware and Algorithms Sentences Resources Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS): To identify the NiV genotype, WGS was carried out on different clinical samples obtained from the patient. WGSsuggested: NoneResults from OddPub: Thank you for sharing your data.
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.
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