Genetic diversity assessment of neem ( Azadirachta indica A. Juss) in northern Nigeria

Neem is a tropical tree that can adapt to a wide range of places and particularly to semi-arid conditions. As at present, it is grown in many Asian countries and also in the tropical regions of the western hemisphere. Genetic variability and diversity are a major requirement needed for both immediate results and the one ones thereafter adaptation of plant types in their original domain. The evaluation of genetic diversity of any species is extremely crucial for their sustainability, continuity, survival and gene manipulation. Major breakthroughs in the field of molecular biology was able to develop several tools for the investigation of genetic diversity at the genome level to determine phylogenetic relationships among inter or intra-species. The advent of molecular markers for the detection and exploitation of DNA polymorphism is one of the major breakthroughs in the world of molecular genetics.

The importance of genetic diversity in plant germplasm conservation, especially in economically important species such as Azadirachtaindica , is enormous, particularly in Nigeria. The question is whether A. indica from different Agro-ecological zones have genetic variations or similarities. This was the bane of the current study, which used RAPD to look atgenetic diversity of 27 randomly selected neem trees within the agro-ecological zones in Northern Nigeria. A total of 9 primers were employed out of which only 5 were responsive (OPA-02, OPA-03, OPA-15 and OPA-19). These primers showed dissimilarities in the visible DNA bands among the various tree samples. There was evidence of genetic dissimilarities among the trees sampled. Differences in percentage polymorphism was reported, where it was reportedly highest among the Borno State tree samples (97.44%), compared to those in Yobe State with no polymorphism.