Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 trimetric spike protein associated to Poly(I:C) plus Alum
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Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had a social and economic impact worldwide, and vaccination is an efficient strategy for diminishing those damages. New adjuvant formulations are required for the high vaccine demands, especially adjuvant formulations that induce a Th1 phenotype. Herein we assess a vaccination strategy using a combination of Alum and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) adjuvants plus the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in a prefusion trimeric conformation by an intradermal (ID) route. We found high levels of IgG anti-spike antibodies in the serum by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high neutralizing titers against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro by neutralization assay, after one or two boosts. By evaluating the production of IgG subtypes, as expected, we found that formulations containing Poly(I:C) induced IgG2a whereas Alum did not. The combination of these two adjuvants induced high levels of both IgG1 and IgG2a. In addition, cellular immune responses of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells producing interferon-gamma were equivalent, demonstrating that the Alum + Poly(I:C) combination supported a Th1 profile. Based on the high neutralizing titers, we evaluated B cells in the germinal centers, which are specific for receptor-binding domain (RBD) and spike, and observed that more positive B cells were induced upon the Alum + Poly(I:C) combination. Moreover, these B cells produced antibodies against both RBD and non-RBD sites. We also studied the impact of this vaccination preparation (spike protein with Alum + Poly(I:C)) in the lungs of mice challenged with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus. We found a production of IgG, but not IgA, and a reduction in neutrophil recruitment in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice, suggesting that our immunization scheme reduced lung inflammation. Altogether, our data suggest that Alum and Poly(I:C) together is a possible adjuvant combination for vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 by the intradermal route.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2021.10.05.461434: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Ethics IRB: The experiments were carried out in accordance with the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals of the Health Sciences Center of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais do Centro de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), under the protocol number: Sex as a biological variable Animals: Female BALB/c mice, 6–8 weeks old (n = 5 per group), were obtained from the breeding facility of UFRJ. Randomization not detected. Blinding The reader was blind in respect to the source of the supernatant. Power Analysis not detected. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources This protein was used in this work to … SciScore for 10.1101/2021.10.05.461434: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Ethics IRB: The experiments were carried out in accordance with the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals of the Health Sciences Center of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais do Centro de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), under the protocol number: Sex as a biological variable Animals: Female BALB/c mice, 6–8 weeks old (n = 5 per group), were obtained from the breeding facility of UFRJ. Randomization not detected. Blinding The reader was blind in respect to the source of the supernatant. Power Analysis not detected. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources This protein was used in this work to immunize mice and as ELISA antigen to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in samples from immunized animals. anti-SARS-CoV-2suggested: NoneAntigen-specific antibody responses: Antigen-specific IgG (Cat. No. 1015-05, Southern Biotech, AL, USA), IgA (Cat. No.1040-05, Southern Biotech, AL, USA), IgG1 (Cat. No. 1071-01, Southern Biotech, AL, USA) and IgG2a (Cat. No.1101-01, Southern Biotech, AL, USA) levels were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S Ptn as the capture antigen. Antigen-specific IgGsuggested: NoneIgAsuggested: (SouthernBiotech Cat# 1040-05, RRID:AB_2714213)IgG1suggested: (SouthernBiotech Cat# 1071-01, RRID:AB_2794423)IgG2asuggested: (SouthernBiotech Cat# 1101-01, RRID:AB_2794586)After this incubation the ELISA plate was washed 5 times with a washing solution consisting of PBS + 0.05% Tween 20 and then the anti-mouse IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA-HRP detection antibodies (Southern Biotech, AL, USA) were added for another hour. anti-mouse IgGsuggested: NoneIgG1, IgG2asuggested: NoneThe following antibodies were used: B220 (anti-B220-PerCP; eBiosciences), GL7 (anti-GL7-PE; BioLegend), CD38 (anti-CD38-PeCy7; BioLegend), RBD-conjugated with Alexa 488, S Ptn-conjugated with Alexa 647, TRCβ (anti-TRCβ-Pacific Blue; BioLegend), CD4 (anti-CD4-FITC; BioLegend), CD8 (anti-CD8-PeCy7; BioLegend), and IFN-γ (anti-IFN-γ-APC; BioLegend). anti-B220-PerCPsuggested: Noneanti-GL7-PEsuggested: NoneCD38suggested: Noneanti-CD38-PeCy7suggested: Noneanti-TRCβ-Pacificsuggested: NoneCD4suggested: Noneanti-CD4-FITCsuggested: (Sigma-Aldrich Cat# SAB4700062, RRID:AB_10898908)CD8suggested: Noneanti-CD8-PeCy7suggested: NoneIFN-γsuggested: (BioLegend Cat# 430801, RRID:AB_2893366)anti-IFN-γ-APCsuggested: NoneExperimental Models: Cell Lines Sentences Resources SARS-CoV-2 was prepared in Vero E6 cells. Vero E6suggested: RRID:CVCL_XD71)Then, the samples were placed into 96-well plates with monolayers of Vero cells (2×104 cell/well) with supernatants for 1 h at 37°C. Verosuggested: RRID:CVCL_ZW93)Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains Sentences Resources Animals: Female BALB/c mice, 6–8 weeks old (n = 5 per group), were obtained from the breeding facility of UFRJ. BALB/csuggested: RRID:IMSR_ORNL:BALB/cRl)Recombinant DNA Sentences Resources RBD Sequence: RBD (receptor-binding domain): cloning: synthetic gene S1-seq263-685 CoVID-2019_HKU-SZ-005b_2020 (MN975262) (length: 1302 bp) cloned into pET21a(+) using cloning sites NdeI and SalI purchased from Genscript Inc. (USA). pET21a(+suggested: RRID:Addgene_12649)Expression of recombinant RBD in E. coli: Chemically competent E. coli BL21(λDE3) (Novagen, USA) were transformed with 0.2 ng of the pET21a-plasmid, and positive clones were selected in an LB-agar medium containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin at 37 °C overnight. pET21a-plasmidsuggested: NoneSoftware and Algorithms Sentences Resources The data analyzes were performed using the FlowJo® software vX.0.7. FlowJo®suggested: (FlowJo, RRID:SCR_008520)All samples were analyzed on a Becton-Dickinson LSR-II/Fortessa flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA) and analyzed by using FlowJo software (Tree Star Inc.). FlowJosuggested: (FlowJo, RRID:SCR_008520)Data analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism® 8.0 software. GraphPadsuggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)Results from OddPub: Thank you for sharing your data.
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.Results from TrialIdentifier: We found the following clinical trial numbers in your paper:
Identifier Status Title NCT03721718 Completed Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity Study o… NCT04672291 Recruiting Nasal Poly-ICLC (Hiltonol®) in Healthy COVID-19 Vaccinated A… Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.
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