Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 trimetric spike protein associated to Poly(I:C) plus Alum

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Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had a social and economic impact worldwide, and vaccination is an efficient strategy for diminishing those damages. New adjuvant formulations are required for the high vaccine demands, especially adjuvant formulations that induce a Th1 phenotype. Herein we assess a vaccination strategy using a combination of Alum and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) adjuvants plus the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in a prefusion trimeric conformation by an intradermal (ID) route. We found high levels of IgG anti-spike antibodies in the serum by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high neutralizing titers against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro by neutralization assay, after one or two boosts. By evaluating the production of IgG subtypes, as expected, we found that formulations containing Poly(I:C) induced IgG2a whereas Alum did not. The combination of these two adjuvants induced high levels of both IgG1 and IgG2a. In addition, cellular immune responses of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells producing interferon-gamma were equivalent, demonstrating that the Alum + Poly(I:C) combination supported a Th1 profile. Based on the high neutralizing titers, we evaluated B cells in the germinal centers, which are specific for receptor-binding domain (RBD) and spike, and observed that more positive B cells were induced upon the Alum + Poly(I:C) combination. Moreover, these B cells produced antibodies against both RBD and non-RBD sites. We also studied the impact of this vaccination preparation (spike protein with Alum + Poly(I:C)) in the lungs of mice challenged with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus. We found a production of IgG, but not IgA, and a reduction in neutrophil recruitment in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice, suggesting that our immunization scheme reduced lung inflammation. Altogether, our data suggest that Alum and Poly(I:C) together is a possible adjuvant combination for vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 by the intradermal route.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2021.10.05.461434: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    EthicsIRB: The experiments were carried out in accordance with the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals of the Health Sciences Center of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais do Centro de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), under the protocol number:
    Sex as a biological variableAnimals: Female BALB/c mice, 6–8 weeks old (n = 5 per group), were obtained from the breeding facility of UFRJ.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    BlindingThe reader was blind in respect to the source of the supernatant.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Cell Line Authenticationnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    This protein was used in this work to immunize mice and as ELISA antigen to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in samples from immunized animals.
    anti-SARS-CoV-2
    suggested: None
    Antigen-specific antibody responses: Antigen-specific IgG (Cat. No. 1015-05, Southern Biotech, AL, USA), IgA (Cat. No.1040-05, Southern Biotech, AL, USA), IgG1 (Cat. No. 1071-01, Southern Biotech, AL, USA) and IgG2a (Cat. No.1101-01, Southern Biotech, AL, USA) levels were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S Ptn as the capture antigen.
    Antigen-specific IgG
    suggested: None
    IgA
    suggested: (SouthernBiotech Cat# 1040-05, RRID:AB_2714213)
    IgG1
    suggested: (SouthernBiotech Cat# 1071-01, RRID:AB_2794423)
    IgG2a
    suggested: (SouthernBiotech Cat# 1101-01, RRID:AB_2794586)
    After this incubation the ELISA plate was washed 5 times with a washing solution consisting of PBS + 0.05% Tween 20 and then the anti-mouse IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA-HRP detection antibodies (Southern Biotech, AL, USA) were added for another hour.
    anti-mouse IgG
    suggested: None
    IgG1, IgG2a
    suggested: None
    The following antibodies were used: B220 (anti-B220-PerCP; eBiosciences), GL7 (anti-GL7-PE; BioLegend), CD38 (anti-CD38-PeCy7; BioLegend), RBD-conjugated with Alexa 488, S Ptn-conjugated with Alexa 647, TRCβ (anti-TRCβ-Pacific Blue; BioLegend), CD4 (anti-CD4-FITC; BioLegend), CD8 (anti-CD8-PeCy7; BioLegend), and IFN-γ (anti-IFN-γ-APC; BioLegend).
    anti-B220-PerCP
    suggested: None
    anti-GL7-PE
    suggested: None
    CD38
    suggested: None
    anti-CD38-PeCy7
    suggested: None
    anti-TRCβ-Pacific
    suggested: None
    CD4
    suggested: None
    anti-CD4-FITC
    suggested: (Sigma-Aldrich Cat# SAB4700062, RRID:AB_10898908)
    CD8
    suggested: None
    anti-CD8-PeCy7
    suggested: None
    IFN-γ
    suggested: (BioLegend Cat# 430801, RRID:AB_2893366)
    anti-IFN-γ-APC
    suggested: None
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    SARS-CoV-2 was prepared in Vero E6 cells.
    Vero E6
    suggested: RRID:CVCL_XD71)
    Then, the samples were placed into 96-well plates with monolayers of Vero cells (2×104 cell/well) with supernatants for 1 h at 37°C.
    Vero
    suggested: RRID:CVCL_ZW93)
    Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains
    SentencesResources
    Animals: Female BALB/c mice, 6–8 weeks old (n = 5 per group), were obtained from the breeding facility of UFRJ.
    BALB/c
    suggested: RRID:IMSR_ORNL:BALB/cRl)
    Recombinant DNA
    SentencesResources
    RBD Sequence: RBD (receptor-binding domain): cloning: synthetic gene S1-seq263-685 CoVID-2019_HKU-SZ-005b_2020 (MN975262) (length: 1302 bp) cloned into pET21a(+) using cloning sites NdeI and SalI purchased from Genscript Inc. (USA).
    pET21a(+
    suggested: RRID:Addgene_12649)
    Expression of recombinant RBD in E. coli: Chemically competent E. coli BL21(λDE3) (Novagen, USA) were transformed with 0.2 ng of the pET21a-plasmid, and positive clones were selected in an LB-agar medium containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin at 37 °C overnight.
    pET21a-plasmid
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    The data analyzes were performed using the FlowJo® software vX.0.7.
    FlowJo®
    suggested: (FlowJo, RRID:SCR_008520)
    All samples were analyzed on a Becton-Dickinson LSR-II/Fortessa flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA) and analyzed by using FlowJo software (Tree Star Inc.).
    FlowJo
    suggested: (FlowJo, RRID:SCR_008520)
    Data analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism® 8.0 software.
    GraphPad
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)

    Results from OddPub: Thank you for sharing your data.


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: We found the following clinical trial numbers in your paper:

    IdentifierStatusTitle
    NCT03721718CompletedEvaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity Study o…
    NCT04672291RecruitingNasal Poly-ICLC (Hiltonol®) in Healthy COVID-19 Vaccinated A…


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.


    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.