COVID-19 Infection risk posed by drinking alcohol at restaurants or bars in Japan
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Abstract
Background
On April 25, 2021, the third state of emergency was declared in Japan. Drinking alcohol at restaurants and bars was banned.
Object
We used published data to evaluate drinking ban effects.
Method
We bootstrapped the data and evaluated the risk ratio for drinking compared with non-drinking during group dining with similar frequency and numbers of participants.
Results
The 99% lower bound of the bootstrapped distribution of the risk ratio was less than one. Therefore the null hypothesis, that incidence in the two styles of group dining were the same, cannot be rejected.
Discussion and Conclusion
Results constitute no clear evidence indicating a risk of drinking alcohol in groups. However, further analyses using collected data are necessary. Moreover, risks posed by the number of group diners or their dining frequency must be evaluated.
Article activity feed
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SciScore for 10.1101/2021.07.29.21261358: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Ethics not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Table 2: Resources
No key resources detected.
Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: We detected the following sentences addressing limitations in the study:The present study has some limitations. First, age, gender, and other factors that might affect behavior cannot be controlled because we have no information other than that published and used for analyses, although an earlier study [2] included control of …
SciScore for 10.1101/2021.07.29.21261358: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Ethics not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Table 2: Resources
No key resources detected.
Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: We detected the following sentences addressing limitations in the study:The present study has some limitations. First, age, gender, and other factors that might affect behavior cannot be controlled because we have no information other than that published and used for analyses, although an earlier study [2] included control of them. Drinking behaviors might be biased according to age and gender. These tendencies might be correlated to COVID-19 infection incidence. If so, drinking itself might not present a risk of infection. Secondly, the original data used for an earlier study [2] might include some information to test the risk of group dining with more than two participants once in the prior two weeks compared with no group dining. Alternatively, it might test the risk of group dining with more than two participants once in the last two weeks compared with group dining with one participant once in the last two weeks. These analyses might contribute to evaluation of the risks posed by the frequency and number of participants aside from those posed by drinking. We have no original data. Therefore, we cannot conduct such a study. Thirdly, variant strain N501Y was prevalent during the study period, especially during the late half of the period. Its prevalence might affect the results of increasing risks of non-drinking.
Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.
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