Endomembrane systems are reorganized by ORF3a and Membrane (M) of SARS-CoV-2

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Abstract

The endomembrane reticulum (ER) is largely reorganized by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a and membrane (M) protein expression affects ER-derived structures including cubic membrane and double membrane vesicles in coronavirus-infected cells; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying ER remodeling remain unclear. We introduced a “plug and playable” proximity labeling tool (TurboID-GBP) for interactome mapping of GFP-tagged SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a and M proteins. Through mass spectrometric identification of the biotinylated lysine residue (K+226 Da) on the viral proteins using Spot-TurboID workflow, 117 and 191 proteins were robustly determined as ORF3a and M interactomes, respectively, and many, including RNF5 (E3 ubiquitin ligase), overlap with the mitochondrial-associated membrane (MAM) proteome. RNF5 expression was correlated to ORF3a ubiquitination. MAM formation and secreted proteome profiles were largely affected by ORF3a expression. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 may utilize MAM as a viral assembly site, suggesting novel anti-viral treatment strategies for blocking viral replication in host cells.

Highlights

  • SARS-CoV-2 proteins ORF3a and M alter endoplasmic reticulum proteome profile

  • ORF3a affects mitochondrial-associated membrane formation

  • SARS-CoV-2 may utilize mitochondrial-associated membrane as viral assembly site

  • ORF3a and M interactome proteins may serve as targets for COVID-19 treatment

eTOC Blurb

ER remodelling by SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a and M protein

Article activity feed

  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2021.06.01.446555: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Ethicsnot detected.
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Cell Line Authenticationnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    To detect expression pattern or biotinylation pattern, the primary antibody, such as anti-V5 (Invitrogen, cat. No. R960-25, 1:5,000 dilution), was incubated for 1 h at room temperature.
    anti-V5
    suggested: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# R960-25, RRID:AB_2556564)
    After washing three times with TBST for 5 min at room temperature, secondary antibodies, namely mouse-HRP (Bio-rad, cat. No. 1706516, 1:3,000 dilution) and rabbit-HRP (Cell signaling, cat. No. 7074S, 1:3,000 dilution), or SA-HRP (Thermofisher, cat. No. 21126, 1:10,000 dilution) were incubated for 1 h at room temperature.
    mouse-HRP
    suggested: None
    rabbit-HRP
    suggested: (Carl Roth Cat# 4750, RRID:AB_2890006)
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    HeLa cells and A549 cells were from Laboratory of Dr.
    HeLa
    suggested: None
    A549
    suggested: NCI-DTP Cat# A549, RRID:CVCL_0023)
    Obtaining Secreted Proteins in Cell Culture Media: After biotin labeling of HEK293 cells expressing SEC61B-TurboID, cells were incubated with no FBS DMEM for 16 h.
    HEK293
    suggested: None
    Proteome Digestion & Enrichment of Biotinylated Peptides: For mass sampling, HEK293T cells were split in three T75 flasks for triplicate samples per each condition.
    HEK293T
    suggested: None
    Recombinant DNA
    SentencesResources
    Expression Plasmids: Genes with epitope tag (i.e. V5, FLAG, HA, twin strep) were cloned into pCDNA3, pCDNA3.1, and pCDNA5 using digestion with enzymatic restriction sites and ligation with T4 DNA ligase.
    pCDNA3
    suggested: RRID:Addgene_15475)
    pCDNA3.1
    suggested: RRID:Addgene_79663)
    pCDNA5
    suggested: RRID:Addgene_49428)
    For transiently co-expressed two constructs, vPOI-GFP and TurboID-GBP, cells were grown at 70–80% confluence and transfected with wanted constructs using PEI.
    vPOI-GFP
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Pearson correlation was conducted using image J software program (NIH).
    image J
    suggested: (ImageJ, RRID:SCR_003070)
    After washing three times with TBST for 5 min at room temperature, results of immunoblotting assay were obtained using ECL solution using GENESYS program.
    GENESYS
    suggested: (GeneSys, RRID:SCR_015770)
    Enlarged fluorescence images were fitted to the electron micrographs using the Image J BigWarp program.
    Image J BigWarp
    suggested: None
    Processing MS data and Identification of Proteins: All MS/MS data were searched using MaxQuant (version 1.5.3.30) with Andromeda search engine at 10 ppm precursor ion mass tolerance against the SwissProt Homo sapiens proteome database (20,199 entries, UniProt (http://www.uniprot.org/)).
    MaxQuant
    suggested: (MaxQuant, RRID:SCR_014485)
    UniProt
    suggested: (UniProtKB, RRID:SCR_004426)
    The imputation of protein intensity were conducted using Perseus software program.
    Perseus
    suggested: (Perseus, RRID:SCR_015753)

    Results from OddPub: Thank you for sharing your data.


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.


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