Differential interferon-α subtype immune signatures suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection
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Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) exert pleiotropic biological effects during viral infections, balancing virus control versus immune-mediated pathologies and have been successfully employed for the treatment of viral diseases. Humans express twelve IFN-alpha (α) subtypes, which activate downstream signalling cascades and result in distinct patterns of immune responses and differential antiviral responses. Inborn errors in type I IFN immunity and the presence of anti-IFN autoantibodies account for very severe courses of COVID-19, therefore, early administration of type I IFNs may be protective against life-threatening disease. Here we comprehensively analysed the antiviral activity of all IFNα subtypes against SARS-CoV-2 to identify the underlying immune signatures and explore their therapeutic potential. Prophylaxis of primary human airway epithelial cells (hAEC) with different IFNα subtypes during SARS-CoV-2 infection uncovered distinct functional classes with high, intermediate and low antiviral IFNs. In particular IFNα5 showed superior antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Dose-dependency studies further displayed additive effects upon co-administered with the broad antiviral drug remdesivir in cell culture. Transcriptomics of IFN-treated hAEC revealed different transcriptional signatures, uncovering distinct, intersecting and prototypical genes of individual IFNα subtypes. Global proteomic analyses systematically assessed the abundance of specific antiviral key effector molecules which are involved in type I IFN signalling pathways, negative regulation of viral processes and immune effector processes for the potent antiviral IFNα5. Taken together, our data provide a systemic, multi-modular definition of antiviral host responses mediated by defined type I IFNs. This knowledge shall support the development of novel therapeutic approaches against SARS-CoV-2.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2021.05.20.444757: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Ethics not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Then, the blocking buffer was aspirated and 50 μl of primary antibody solution (anti-SARS-CoV-2-NP (RRID: AB_2890255) 1:5000 diluted in PBS + 1% FBS) was added to each well. anti-SARS-CoV-2-NPdetected: (Antibodies-Online Cat# ABIN6952435, RRID:AB_2890255)Thereafter, 50 μl of the secondary antibody solution (Peroxidase-AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) (RRID: AB_10015289) 1:2000 in PBS, 1% FBS) was added to the wells and the plate was incubated for 2 h at room temperature. Anti-Mouse …SciScore for 10.1101/2021.05.20.444757: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Ethics not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Then, the blocking buffer was aspirated and 50 μl of primary antibody solution (anti-SARS-CoV-2-NP (RRID: AB_2890255) 1:5000 diluted in PBS + 1% FBS) was added to each well. anti-SARS-CoV-2-NPdetected: (Antibodies-Online Cat# ABIN6952435, RRID:AB_2890255)Thereafter, 50 μl of the secondary antibody solution (Peroxidase-AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) (RRID: AB_10015289) 1:2000 in PBS, 1% FBS) was added to the wells and the plate was incubated for 2 h at room temperature. Anti-Mouse IgGdetected: (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 115-035-003, RRID:AB_10015289)After incubation with the primary antibody solution, 50 μl secondary antibody solution (Goat IgG anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)-Alexa Fluor 488, MinX none 1:2000 (RRID: AB_2338840), Phalloidin CF647 1:100 (Biotium) in PBS + 1% FBS) were added to each well and the plate was incubated for 2 h at room temperature. anti-Mouse IgGdetected: (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 115-545-003, RRID:AB_2338840)Experimental Models: Cell Lines Sentences Resources End-point dilution assay: VeroE6 cells were seeded at a density of 10,000 cells per well in a 96-well plate and maintained in 200 μl DMEM (Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma-Aldrich), L-glutamine (Gibco), penicillin and streptomycin (Gibco) overnight. VeroE6suggested: JCRB Cat# JCRB1819, RRID:CVCL_YQ49)IAV plaque assay: MDCK-II cells were seeded in 6 well plates, and cultured in DMEM supplemented with 5% FBS and 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin until 100% confluent. MDCK-IIsuggested: NoneRecombinant DNA Sentences Resources To assess M- and N-gene copy numbers, the M- and N-gene were partially cloned into pCR™2.1 (ThermoFisher Scientific) or pMiniT 2.0 (NEB), respectively, and a 1:10 plasmid dilution series was used as a reference. pCR™2.1suggested: NoneSoftware and Algorithms Sentences Resources The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) was calculated using GraphPad Prism 6. GraphPad Prismsuggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)The 10 highest abundant peptide ions were fragmented by HCD (NCE [normalized collision energy] = 27) and MS/MS spectra were acquired at a resolution of 35,000. Proteomics Data Analysis: Peptide identification and quantification were performed using MaxQuant (v.1.6.17) searching UniProtKB/SwissProt (2020_05, 563,552 entries) restricted to either Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens and SARS-CoV-2. MaxQuantsuggested: (MaxQuant, RRID:SCR_014485)GO annotation and enrichment analyses were performed using STRING (v.11). STRINGsuggested: (STRING, RRID:SCR_005223)Data visualization was done using R and Cytoscape (v.3.8.2). Cytoscapesuggested: (Cytoscape, RRID:SCR_003032)The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited at the ProteomeXchange consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD000XXX. ProteomeXchangesuggested: (ProteomeXchange, RRID:SCR_004055)PRIDEsuggested: (Pride-asap, RRID:SCR_012052)Transcriptomics: Quality and integrity of total RNA was controlled on 5200 Fragment Analyzer System (Agilent Technologies)). Agilent Technologiessuggested: (Agilent Technologies, RRID:SCR_013575)All FASTQ files were aligned to the gene model Ensembl v96 and to the reference library Human B38 using the proprietary OmicSoft Aligner OSA62. Ensemblsuggested: (Ensembl, RRID:SCR_002344)Differentially expressed genes were sent to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) (https://digitalinsights.qiagen.com/products-overview/discovery-insights-portfolio/analysis-and-visualization/qiagen-ipa/) for biological analysis using the cutoffs: p-value <0.05, fold change (fc) >|1.5| and mean counts min>5. Ingenuity Pathway Analysissuggested: (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, RRID:SCR_008653)Statistical analysis: Differences in transformed data were tested for significance using GraphPad Prism v8.4.2 for Windows (GraphPad). GraphPadsuggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We found bar graphs of continuous data. We recommend replacing bar graphs with more informative graphics, as many different datasets can lead to the same bar graph. The actual data may suggest different conclusions from the summary statistics. For more information, please see Weissgerber et al (2015).
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
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- No protocol registration statement was detected.
Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.
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