Male-Female Disparities in Years of Potential Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in the United States: A State-by-State Analysis
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Abstract
Males are at higher risk relative to females of severe outcomes following COVID-19 infection. Focusing on COVID-19-attributable mortality in the United States (U.S.), we quantified and contrasted years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to COVID-19 by sex based on data from the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics as of 31 March 2021, specifically by contrasting male and female percentages of total YPLL with their respective percent population shares and calculating age-adjusted male-to-female YPLL rate ratios, both nationally and for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Using YPLL before age 75 to anchor comparisons between males and females and a novel Monte Carlo simulation procedure to perform estimation and uncertainty quantification, our results reveal a near-universal pattern across states of higher COVID-19-attributable YPLL among males compared to females. Furthermore, the disproportionately high COVID-19 mortality burden among males is generally more pronounced when measuring mortality burden in terms of YPLL compared to death counts, reflecting dual phenomena of males dying from COVID-19 at higher rates and at systematically younger ages relative to females. The U.S. COVID-19 epidemic also offers lessons underscoring the importance of cultivating a public health environment that recognizes sex-specific needs as well as different patterns in risk factors, health behaviors, and responses to interventions between men and women. Public health strategies incorporating focused efforts to increase COVID-19 vaccinations among men are particularly urged.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2021.05.02.21256495: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
NIH rigor criteria are not applicable to paper type.Table 2: Resources
No key resources detected.
Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: We detected the following sentences addressing limitations in the study:While the full scope of factors causing the disproportionately high degree of COVID-19 mortality experienced by males are likely complex, multifaceted, and interactive [97,155], an important limitation of our analysis is that it is a descriptive epidemiological study [156]. We urge further medical research in treatments for COVID-19 …
SciScore for 10.1101/2021.05.02.21256495: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
NIH rigor criteria are not applicable to paper type.Table 2: Resources
No key resources detected.
Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: We detected the following sentences addressing limitations in the study:While the full scope of factors causing the disproportionately high degree of COVID-19 mortality experienced by males are likely complex, multifaceted, and interactive [97,155], an important limitation of our analysis is that it is a descriptive epidemiological study [156]. We urge further medical research in treatments for COVID-19 infections that can improve outcomes for men as well as recommend more in-depth investigations attempting to pinpoint the social mechanisms that contribute to higher degrees of disparities in some states and lower degrees of disparities in other states, which could inform effective strategies for public health interventions targeting men. Contrasting the male and female COVID-19 mortality burden using YPLL captures disparities in both the number of COVID-19 deaths and the ages at death of COVID-19 decedents in a single metric that complements conventional comparative COVID-19 mortality analyses by sex, and our results show that measuring mortality in terms of YPLL compared to death counts generally amplifies the magnitude of the disparities in the COVID-19 mortality burden between males and females. For instance, after accounting for the differences in the male and female national population age distributions, we estimated the COVID-19-attributable mortality rate in the U.S. to be approximately 62% higher for males than females but the U.S. national COVID-19-attributable YPLL rate to be 88–89% higher for males than females, owing to the fact that,...
Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.
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