Potent neutralizing nanobodies resist convergent circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2 by targeting novel and conserved epitopes

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Abstract

There is an urgent need to develop effective interventions resistant to the evolving variants of SARS-CoV-2. Nanobodies (Nbs) are stable and cost-effective agents that can be delivered by novel aerosolization route to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections efficiently. However, it remains unknown if they possess broadly neutralizing activities against the prevalent circulating strains. We found that potent neutralizing Nbs are highly resistant to the convergent variants of concern that evade a large panel of neutralizing antibodies (Abs) and significantly reduce the activities of convalescent or vaccine-elicited sera. Subsequent determination of 9 high-resolution structures involving 6 potent neutralizing Nbs by cryoelectron microscopy reveals conserved and novel epitopes on virus spike inaccessible to Abs. Systematic structural comparison of neutralizing Abs and Nbs provides critical insights into how Nbs uniquely target the spike to achieve high-affinity and broadly neutralizing activity against the evolving virus. Our study will inform the rational design of novel pan-coronavirus vaccines and therapeutics.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2021.03.09.434592: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    NIH rigor criteria are not applicable to paper type.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    Anti-T7 tag HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies were diluted at 1:5000 and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour.
    Anti-T7 tag
    suggested: None
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    To express the S protein, HEK293-ES cells were transiently transfected with the plasmid using polyethyleneimine and 3.5 mM valproic acid sodium salt to enhance protein production.
    HEK293-ES
    suggested: None
    Pseudovirus neutralization assay: The 293T-hsACE2 stable cell line and the pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 particles (wild-type and mutants) with luciferase reporters were purchased from the Integral Molecular.
    293T-hsACE2
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Movies of the specimen were recorded with a nominal defocus setting in the range of −0.5 to −2.5 μm using SerialEM with beam-tilt image-shift data collection strategy with a 3 x 3 pattern and 3 shot per hole.
    SerialEM
    suggested: (SerialEM, RRID:SCR_017293)
    Beam-induced motion correction was performed using the motion correction program implemented in Relion to generate average micrographs and dose-weighted micrographs from all frames.
    Relion
    suggested: (RELION, RRID:SCR_016274)
    For other structures, each movie stack was processed on-the-fly using CryoSPARC live (version 3.0.0) 44,45.
    CryoSPARC
    suggested: (cryoSPARC, RRID:SCR_016501)
    After refinement, each residue of the sequence-updated models was manually checked and refined iteratively in Coot and Phenix.
    Coot
    suggested: (Coot, RRID:SCR_014222)
    Phenix
    suggested: (Phenix, RRID:SCR_014224)
    Structural models were validated by MolProbity.
    MolProbity
    suggested: (MolProbity, RRID:SCR_014226)
    The Nb-RBD complex structure was superimposed on its best matched Fab-RBD structure and protein volume was calculated using ProteinVolume51.
    ProteinVolume51
    suggested: None
    The data was then processed by Prism GraphPad 9.0 to fit into a 4PL curve and to calculate the logIC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration).
    GraphPad
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)
    Analysis of the data was performed using Excel.
    Excel
    suggested: None

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.