Airway antibodies emerge according to COVID-19 severity and wane rapidly but reappear after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination
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Abstract
Understanding the presence and durability of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the airways is required to provide insights into the ability of individuals to neutralize the virus locally and prevent viral spread. Here, we longitudinally assessed both systemic and airway immune responses upon SARS-CoV-2 infection in a clinically well-characterized cohort of 147 infected individuals representing the full spectrum of COVID-19 severity, from asymptomatic infection to fatal disease. In addition, we evaluated how SARS-CoV-2 vaccination influenced the antibody responses in a subset of these individuals during convalescence as compared with naive individuals. Not only systemic but also airway antibody responses correlated with the degree of COVID-19 disease severity. However, although systemic IgG levels were durable for up to 8 months, airway IgG and IgA declined significantly within 3 months. After vaccination, there was an increase in both systemic and airway antibodies, in particular IgG, often exceeding the levels found during acute disease. In contrast, naive individuals showed low airway antibodies after vaccination. In the former COVID-19 patients, airway antibody levels were significantly elevated after the boost vaccination, highlighting the importance of prime and boost vaccinations for previously infected individuals to obtain optimal mucosal protection.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2020.11.25.20238592: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement Consent: Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and controls. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Detection was performed with mouse and goat anti-human IgG or IgA HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (clone G18-145 from BD Biosciences and polyclonal from ThermoFisher, respectively) followed by incubation with TMB substrate (BioLegend) which was stopped with a 1M solution of sulfuric acid. anti-human IgGsuggested: NoneIgA HRP-conjugated secondary antibodiessuggested: NoneSoftware and Algorithms Sentences Resources Duplicate … SciScore for 10.1101/2020.11.25.20238592: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement Consent: Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and controls. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Detection was performed with mouse and goat anti-human IgG or IgA HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (clone G18-145 from BD Biosciences and polyclonal from ThermoFisher, respectively) followed by incubation with TMB substrate (BioLegend) which was stopped with a 1M solution of sulfuric acid. anti-human IgGsuggested: NoneIgA HRP-conjugated secondary antibodiessuggested: NoneSoftware and Algorithms Sentences Resources Duplicate 7-point serial dilutions were initially performed for measuring plasma IgG against RBD during acute disease and the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) was calculated using GraphPad Prism 9. GraphPad Prismsuggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)Stained cells from airway samples were acquired using a BD LSRFortessa while stained PBMC were acquired using a BD FACSAria Fusion both interfaced with the BD FACSDiva Software. BD FACSDivasuggested: (BD FACSDiva Software, RRID:SCR_001456)Results were analyzed using BD FlowJo version 10. FlowJosuggested: (FlowJo, RRID:SCR_008520)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
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