Psychological distress among people with probable COVID-19 infection: analysis of the UK Household Longitudinal Study
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Abstract
Studies exploring the longer-term effects of experiencing coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) on mental health are lacking. We explored the relationship between reporting probable COVID-19 symptoms in April 2020 and psychological distress (measured using the General Health Questionnaire) 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 months later. Data were taken from the UK Household Longitudinal Study, a nationally representative household panel survey of UK adults. Elevated levels of psychological distress were found up to 7 months after probable COVID-19, compared with participants with no likely infection. Associations were stronger among younger age groups and men. Further research into the psychological sequalae of COVID-19 is urgently needed.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2020.11.24.20237909: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement IRB: The University of Essex Ethics Committee approved all data collection for the Understanding Society main survey and COVID waves, which were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent: All survey participants provided fully informed consent.Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable We also conducted subgroup analyses by age group (under 45, 45-64, 65+ years) and gender (men, women). Table 2: Resources
No key resources detected.
Results from OddPub: Thank you for sharing your data.
Results from LimitationRecognizer: We detected the following sentences addressing limitations in the …SciScore for 10.1101/2020.11.24.20237909: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement IRB: The University of Essex Ethics Committee approved all data collection for the Understanding Society main survey and COVID waves, which were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent: All survey participants provided fully informed consent.Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable We also conducted subgroup analyses by age group (under 45, 45-64, 65+ years) and gender (men, women). Table 2: Resources
No key resources detected.
Results from OddPub: Thank you for sharing your data.
Results from LimitationRecognizer: We detected the following sentences addressing limitations in the study:An important limitation is the ascertainment of COVID-19 infection which was based on self-report and the classification of probable COVID-19 infection at only one time point. However, misclassification may be more likely to result in under-estimation of any underlying association. Further research based on confirmed infection is required and that takes into account any change in the symptoms of long-COVID. Triangulation of survey and administrative data (e.g. primary care and psychotropic prescribing records) would also be helpful to disentangle the discrepancy between likely clinical need and service use. The potential adverse impacts of COVID-19 infection on mental health reinforces the benefits of minimising COVID-19 infection among the general population, not only in those at greatest risk of mortality. When considered alongside the mental health impacts generated by mitigation measures, there is potential for a high demand for mental health services resulting from the pandemic. Further research to examine the longer-term psychological sequelae of COVID-19 infection is urgently required.
Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
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