Safe and effective two-in-one replicon-and-VLP minispike vaccine for COVID-19

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Abstract

The large SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein is the main target of current COVID-19 vaccine candidates but can induce non-neutralizing antibodies, which may cause vaccination-induced complications or enhancement of COVID-19 disease. Besides, encoding of a functional S in replication-competent virus vector vaccines may result in the emergence of viruses with altered or expanded tropism. Here, we have developed a safe single round rhabdovirus replicon vaccine platform for enhanced presentation of the S receptor-binding domain (RBD). Structure-guided design was employed to build a chimeric minispike comprising the globular RBD linked to a transmembrane stem-anchor sequence derived from rabies virus (RABV) glycoprotein (G). Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and RABV replicons encoding the minispike not only allowed expression of the antigen at the cell surface but also incorporation into the envelope of secreted non-infectious particles, thus combining classic vector-driven antigen expression and particulate virus-like particle (VLP) presentation. A single dose of a prototype replicon vaccine, VSVΔG-minispike-eGFP (G), stimulated high titers of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in mice, equivalent to those found in COVID-19 patients. Boost immunization with the identical replicon further enhanced neutralizing activity. These results demonstrate that rhabdovirus minispike replicons represent effective and safe alternatives to vaccination approaches using replication-competent viruses and/or the entire S antigen.

Highlights

  • SARS-CoV-2 S RBD antigen is preferred over entire S to preclude potential disease enhancing antibodies

  • construction of a chimeric rhabdovirus minispike protein presenting RBD in native conformation

  • construction of single round VSV and rabies virus replicon vaccines

  • presentation of minispike antigen on cells and on noninfectious VLPs

  • strong induction of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies by the VSV replicon/VLP system in vaccinated mice

Article activity feed

  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2020.10.02.324046: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Institutional Review Board Statementnot detected.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Sex as a biological variableAnimal experiments: Mouse immunization studies were carried out in the animal housing facility of the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, in compliance with the regulations of German animal protection laws and authorized by the responsible state authority (V54-19c20/15-F107/1058). 11-19 weeks old female BALB/c mice received one or two intramuscular injections of 1×106 ffu of either VSVΔG-minispike-eGFP (VSV G), or VSVΔG (VSV G) “empty” dissolved in 30 μl PBS, or an equal volume of PBS alone, four weeks apart (prime or prime/boost).
    Cell Line Authenticationnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    BHK-G43 cells (Hanika et al., 2005), kindly provided by Georg Herrler, and BSR-MG-on cells (Finke et al., 2003) were maintained in GMEM media containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 0,5% Pen/Strep, 1% MEMs/NEAAs and 19,5mL tryptose phosphate broth (Thermo Fisher).
    BHK-G43
    suggested: None
    Microscopy: For live cell imaging, VeroE6 or HEK293T cells were seeded into poly-D-lysine (Millipore-Sigma)-coated multiwell plates one day prior to infection with VSV replicons at the indicated MOIs or plasmid transfection by lipofection, respectively.
    HEK293T
    suggested: NCBI_Iran Cat# C498, RRID:CVCL_0063)
    Virus and serum dilutions were incubated at 37°C for 20 min before 50 μl of VeroE6 cells were added to each well.
    VeroE6
    suggested: JCRB Cat# JCRB1819, RRID:CVCL_YQ49)
    Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains
    SentencesResources
    Animal experiments: Mouse immunization studies were carried out in the animal housing facility of the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, in compliance with the regulations of German animal protection laws and authorized by the responsible state authority (V54-19c20/15-F107/1058). 11-19 weeks old female BALB/c mice received one or two intramuscular injections of 1×106 ffu of either VSVΔG-minispike-eGFP (VSV G), or VSVΔG (VSV G) “empty” dissolved in 30 μl PBS, or an equal volume of PBS alone, four weeks apart (prime or prime/boost).
    BALB/c
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Construction of cDNAs: NCBI Reference Sequence NC_045512.2 of nCoV, Wuhan isolate 1, was used to synthesize human codon optimized cDNAs encoding full length HA-tagged spike (S-HA), and minispike (Thermo Fisher GeneArt).
    Thermo Fisher GeneArt
    suggested: None
    Data representation and statistical analysis: Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism version 8.4.3.
    GraphPad Prism
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We found bar graphs of continuous data. We recommend replacing bar graphs with more informative graphics, as many different datasets can lead to the same bar graph. The actual data may suggest different conclusions from the summary statistics. For more information, please see Weissgerber et al (2015).


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.