Small molecules inhibit SARS-COV-2 induced aberrant inflammation and viral replication in mice by targeting S100A8/A9-TLR4 axis

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Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic poses an unprecedented public health crisis. Accumulating evidences suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes dysregulation of immune system. However, the unique signature of early immune responses remains elusive. We characterized the transcriptome of rhesus macaques and mice infected with SARS-CoV-2. Alarmin S100A8 was robustly induced by SARS-CoV-2 in animal models as well as in COVID-19 patients. Paquinimod, a specific inhibitor of S100A8/A9, could reduce inflammatory response and rescue the pneumonia with substantial reduction of viral titers in SASR-CoV-2 infected animals. Remarkably, Paquinimod treatment resulted in 100% survival of mice in a lethal model of mouse coronavirus (MHV) infection. A novel group of neutrophils that contributed to the uncontrolled inflammation and onset of COVID-19 were dramatically induced by coronavirus infections. Paquinimod treatment could reduce these neutrophils and regain antiviral responses, unveiling key roles of S100A8/A9 and noncanonical neutrophils in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, highlighting new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2020.09.09.288704: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Institutional Review Board StatementIACUC: All procedures of animal handling were approved by the Animal Care Committee of Peking University Health Science Center.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Sex as a biological variableMale and female hACE2 mice on a C57BL/6J background were obtained from the Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical
    Cell Line AuthenticationContamination: Cells were negative for mycoplasma.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    After blocking non-specific Fc-mediated interactions with CD16/CD32 antibodies (14-0161-82, eBioscience, USA), single-cell suspensions were stained with fluorophore-conjugated anti-mouse antibodies at 4°C for 30min.
    CD16/CD32
    suggested: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 14-0161-82, RRID:AB_467133)
    anti-mouse
    suggested: None
    30min
    suggested: None
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    VSV, EMCV, HSV-1 were propagated in Vero cells followed by 3 cycles of freezing and thawing, then the large debrises were spun down and the supernatants were used as a stock solution.
    Vero
    suggested: CLS Cat# 605372/p622_VERO, RRID:CVCL_0059)
    The allantoic fluid was collected and titrated to determine the 50% tissue culture infection dose (TCID50) in A549 cells and the median lethal dose (LD50) in mice following the Reed-Muench method.
    A549
    suggested: None
    Cell culture: Raw 274.7 cells, 17CL-1 cells, MDCK cells and Vero cells were kept in our lab.
    MDCK
    suggested: CLS Cat# 602280/p823_MDCK_(NBL-2, RRID:CVCL_0422)
    Raw 274.7 cells were cultured in 1640 medium (Gibco) supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 U/mL Penicillin-Streptomycin.
    Raw 274.7
    suggested: None
    Raw 264.7 cells were seeded on 6-well plates with 106 cells/mL.
    Raw 264.7
    suggested: None
    Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains
    SentencesResources
    Irf3/7 double knockout mice on a C57BL/6J background was a gift from Pro. Zhengfan Jiang.
    C57BL/6J
    suggested: RRID:IMSR_JAX:000664)
    Before being inoculated intranasally with reagents and viruses, hACE2 mice were intraperitoneally anaesthetized by 2.5% avertin with 0.02 mL/g body weight; WT C57BL/6J mice, interferon-α receptor gene knockout mice (Ifnar-/-), Elf4-/- mice, Ifnar-/- mice and Mavs-/- mice were anaesthetized by isoflurane; rhesus macaques were anaesthetized with 10 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride.
    Elf4-/-
    suggested: None
    Mavs-/-
    suggested: None
    Resatorvid rescue assay/Azeliragon rescue assay: Ifnar-/- mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with MHV-A59.
    Ifnar-/-
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    The raw images were transformed into raw reads by base calling using CASAVA (http://www.illumina.com/support/documentation.ilmn).
    CASAVA
    suggested: (CASAVA, RRID:SCR_001802)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We found bar graphs of continuous data. We recommend replacing bar graphs with more informative graphics, as many different datasets can lead to the same bar graph. The actual data may suggest different conclusions from the summary statistics. For more information, please see Weissgerber et al (2015).


    Results from JetFighter: Please consider improving the rainbow (“jet”) colormap(s) used on page 22. At least one figure is not accessible to readers with colorblindness and/or is not true to the data, i.e. not perceptually uniform.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.