Structural and functional analysis of female sex hormones against SARS-Cov2 cell entry
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Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that males are more susceptible to severe infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus than females. A variety of mechanisms may underlie the observed gender-related disparities including differences in sex hormones. However, the precise mechanisms by which female sex hormones may provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infectivity remains unknown. Here we report new insights into the molecular basis of the interactions between the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and the human ACE2 receptor. We further observed that glycosylation of the ACE2 receptor enhances SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Importantly estrogens can disrupt glycan-glycan interactions and glycan-protein interactions between the human ACE2 and the SARS-CoV2 thereby blocking its entry into cells. In a mouse model, estrogens reduced ACE2 glycosylation and thereby alveolar uptake of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These results shed light on a putative mechanism whereby female sex hormones may provide protection from developing severe infection and could inform the development of future therapies against COVID-19.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.29.227249: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
NIH rigor criteria are not applicable to paper type.Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Subsequently, the antibodies anti-ACE2 (1:100), S-RBD-His-tag (1:50), anti-LAMP1 (1:50) and anti-LC3b (1:50) were added and slides were incubated overnight at 4°C. S-RBD-His-tagsuggested: Noneanti-LAMP1suggested: Noneanti-LC3bsuggested: NoneFollowing blocking, membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with the primary antibodies anti-ACE2 (1:1000), anti-LAMP1 (1:2000), anti-LC3b (1:1000) and anti-His-tag (1:1000). anti-ACE2suggested: Noneanti-His-tagsuggested: (AnaSpec; EGT Group Cat# 29673-1000, RRID:AB_11232932)Experimental Models: Cell Lines Sentences Resources immunofluorescence microscopy: For … SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.29.227249: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
NIH rigor criteria are not applicable to paper type.Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Subsequently, the antibodies anti-ACE2 (1:100), S-RBD-His-tag (1:50), anti-LAMP1 (1:50) and anti-LC3b (1:50) were added and slides were incubated overnight at 4°C. S-RBD-His-tagsuggested: Noneanti-LAMP1suggested: Noneanti-LC3bsuggested: NoneFollowing blocking, membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with the primary antibodies anti-ACE2 (1:1000), anti-LAMP1 (1:2000), anti-LC3b (1:1000) and anti-His-tag (1:1000). anti-ACE2suggested: Noneanti-His-tagsuggested: (AnaSpec; EGT Group Cat# 29673-1000, RRID:AB_11232932)Experimental Models: Cell Lines Sentences Resources immunofluorescence microscopy: For immunefluorescence, HUVEC cells were cultured into 8-well Lab-TekTM II Chamber Slides (NuncTM) and were then treated with either 17β-diol at 3nM or S-equol at 10nM. HUVECsuggested: NoneSoftware and Algorithms Sentences Resources Band intensity was quantified using ImageJ software. ImageJsuggested: (ImageJ, RRID:SCR_003070)Data were analyzed, and graphs were prepared with Prism 6.0 (GraphPad Software). Prismsuggested: (PRISM, RRID:SCR_005375)GraphPadsuggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)The OPLSAA based DoGlycans software was used for building all models35 (S-T1). DoGlycanssuggested: (doGlycans, RRID:SCR_015758)To address the structural interactions, we performed molecular dynamics simulations using GROMACS (v.2019.4)46 with the OPLS/AA force field parameters47. GROMACSsuggested: (GROMACS, RRID:SCR_014565)The PatchDock algorithm discard all unacceptable complex and results are assorted by geometry shape complementarity score. PatchDocksuggested: (PatchDock, RRID:SCR_017589)Molecular interactions were analyzed with LigPlot software58 and the pdb files required was constructed with fortran based own computer programs and the statistical data results. LigPlotsuggested: (LigPlot+, RRID:SCR_018249)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: Please consider improving the rainbow (“jet”) colormap(s) used on pages 24, 32, 22 and 23. At least one figure is not accessible to readers with colorblindness and/or is not true to the data, i.e. not perceptually uniform.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2020.06.20.163097: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement Consent: Myometrium tissue collection and preparation of the single-cell suspension: Normal myometrium was collected from the patients undergoing hysterectomy with informed consent.
IRB: BIOS) program approved by the institutional review board, ethics approval, 17-22669.Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Table 2: Resources
Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources For the uterus dataset, we filtered out cells expressing more than 20% mitochondrial genes and used the standard Seurat pipeline to obtain the cell clusters. Seuratsuggested: (SEURAT, RRID:SCR_007322)Results from OddPub: We did …
SciScore for 10.1101/2020.06.20.163097: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement Consent: Myometrium tissue collection and preparation of the single-cell suspension: Normal myometrium was collected from the patients undergoing hysterectomy with informed consent.
IRB: BIOS) program approved by the institutional review board, ethics approval, 17-22669.Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Table 2: Resources
Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources For the uterus dataset, we filtered out cells expressing more than 20% mitochondrial genes and used the standard Seurat pipeline to obtain the cell clusters. Seuratsuggested: (SEURAT, RRID:SCR_007322)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
-