Structural and functional analysis of female sex hormones against SARS-Cov2 cell entry

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Abstract

Emerging evidence suggests that males are more susceptible to severe infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus than females. A variety of mechanisms may underlie the observed gender-related disparities including differences in sex hormones. However, the precise mechanisms by which female sex hormones may provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infectivity remains unknown. Here we report new insights into the molecular basis of the interactions between the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and the human ACE2 receptor. We further observed that glycosylation of the ACE2 receptor enhances SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Importantly estrogens can disrupt glycan-glycan interactions and glycan-protein interactions between the human ACE2 and the SARS-CoV2 thereby blocking its entry into cells. In a mouse model, estrogens reduced ACE2 glycosylation and thereby alveolar uptake of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These results shed light on a putative mechanism whereby female sex hormones may provide protection from developing severe infection and could inform the development of future therapies against COVID-19.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.29.227249: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    NIH rigor criteria are not applicable to paper type.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    Subsequently, the antibodies anti-ACE2 (1:100), S-RBD-His-tag (1:50), anti-LAMP1 (1:50) and anti-LC3b (1:50) were added and slides were incubated overnight at 4°C.
    S-RBD-His-tag
    suggested: None
    anti-LAMP1
    suggested: None
    anti-LC3b
    suggested: None
    Following blocking, membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with the primary antibodies anti-ACE2 (1:1000), anti-LAMP1 (1:2000), anti-LC3b (1:1000) and anti-His-tag (1:1000).
    anti-ACE2
    suggested: None
    anti-His-tag
    suggested: (AnaSpec; EGT Group Cat# 29673-1000, RRID:AB_11232932)
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    immunofluorescence microscopy: For immunefluorescence, HUVEC cells were cultured into 8-well Lab-TekTM II Chamber Slides (NuncTM) and were then treated with either 17β-diol at 3nM or S-equol at 10nM.
    HUVEC
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Band intensity was quantified using ImageJ software.
    ImageJ
    suggested: (ImageJ, RRID:SCR_003070)
    Data were analyzed, and graphs were prepared with Prism 6.0 (GraphPad Software).
    Prism
    suggested: (PRISM, RRID:SCR_005375)
    GraphPad
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)
    The OPLSAA based DoGlycans software was used for building all models35 (S-T1).
    DoGlycans
    suggested: (doGlycans, RRID:SCR_015758)
    To address the structural interactions, we performed molecular dynamics simulations using GROMACS (v.2019.4)46 with the OPLS/AA force field parameters47.
    GROMACS
    suggested: (GROMACS, RRID:SCR_014565)
    The PatchDock algorithm discard all unacceptable complex and results are assorted by geometry shape complementarity score.
    PatchDock
    suggested: (PatchDock, RRID:SCR_017589)
    Molecular interactions were analyzed with LigPlot software58 and the pdb files required was constructed with fortran based own computer programs and the statistical data results.
    LigPlot
    suggested: (LigPlot+, RRID:SCR_018249)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: Please consider improving the rainbow (“jet”) colormap(s) used on pages 24, 32, 22 and 23. At least one figure is not accessible to readers with colorblindness and/or is not true to the data, i.e. not perceptually uniform.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.

  2. SciScore for 10.1101/2020.06.20.163097: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Institutional Review Board StatementConsent: Myometrium tissue collection and preparation of the single-cell suspension: Normal myometrium was collected from the patients undergoing hysterectomy with informed consent.
    IRB: BIOS) program approved by the institutional review board, ethics approval, 17-22669.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    For the uterus dataset, we filtered out cells expressing more than 20% mitochondrial genes and used the standard Seurat pipeline to obtain the cell clusters.
    Seurat
    suggested: (SEURAT, RRID:SCR_007322)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.