SARS-CoV-2 infection of primary human lung epithelium for COVID-19 modeling and drug discovery

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Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the latest respiratory pandemic resulting from zoonotic transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Severe symptoms include viral pneumonia secondary to infection and inflammation of the lower respiratory tract, in some cases causing death. We developed primary human lung epithelial infection models to understand responses of proximal and distal lung epithelium to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Differentiated air-liquid interface cultures of proximal airway epithelium and 3D organoid cultures of alveolar epithelium were readily infected by SARS-CoV-2 leading to an epithelial cell-autonomous proinflammatory response. We validated the efficacy of selected candidate COVID-19 drugs confirming that Remdesivir strongly suppressed viral infection/replication. We provide a relevant platform for studying COVID-19 pathobiology and for rapid drug screening against SARS-CoV-2 and future emergent respiratory pathogens.

One Sentence Summary

A novel infection model of the adult human lung epithelium serves as a platform for COVID-19 studies and drug discovery.

Article activity feed

  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2020.06.29.174623: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Institutional Review Board StatementConsent: Human lung tissue was obtained from deceased organ donors in compliance with consent procedures developed by International Institute for the Advancement of Medicine (IIAM) and approved by the Internal Review Board at Cedar-Sinai Medical Center.
    IRB: Human lung tissue was obtained from deceased organ donors in compliance with consent procedures developed by International Institute for the Advancement of Medicine (IIAM) and approved by the Internal Review Board at Cedar-Sinai Medical Center.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.
    Cell Line Authenticationnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    Viable epithelial cells were further enriched by fluorescence associated cell sorting (FACS) using DAPI (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and antibodies against EPCAM (CD326), CD45 and CD31 (Biolegend) on a BD Influx cell sorter (Becton Dickinson).
    antibodies against EPCAM (CD326)
    suggested: (Abgent Cat# AM1102a, RRID:AB_2231180)
    CD45
    suggested: None
    CD31
    suggested: None
    The following primary antibodies were used: Acetylated tubulin (1:200, Sigma Aldrich, Cat. No. T6793); Mucin 5AC, 45M1 (1:500, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat. No. MA5-12178); HTII-280 (1:500, Terrace Biotech, Cat. No. TB-27AHT2-280); SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein (1:100, BEI Resources NR-616 Monoclonal Anti-SARS-CoV S Protein (Similar to 240C) SARS coronavirus); Cleaved caspase-3 (1:200, Cell Signaling Technology Cat. No. 9661).
    Acetylated tubulin
    suggested: (Sigma-Aldrich Cat# T6793, RRID:AB_477585)
    Anti-SARS-CoV S Protein
    suggested: None
    Cleaved caspase-3
    suggested: None
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    Vero-E6 cells were cultured in Eagle’s minimal essential medium (MEM) (Corning) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Corning), penicillin-streptomycin (100 units/ml, Gibco), 2 mM L-glutamine (Gibco) and 10 mM HEPES (Gibco).
    Vero-E6
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Samples were mounted using Fluoromount G (Thermo Fisher Scientific), imaged on a Zeiss LSM 780 Confocal Microscope and images were processed using Zen Blue software (Zeiss).
    Zen Blue
    suggested: (ZEN Digital Imaging for Light Microscopy, RRID:SCR_013672)
    Raw reads were aligned using Star aligner 2.6.1 (8)/RSEM 1.2.28 (9) with default parameters, using a custom human GRCh38 transcriptome reference downloaded from http://www.gencodegenes.org, containing all protein coding and long non-coding RNA genes based on human GENCODE version 33 annotation with SARS-Cov2 virus genome MT246667.1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT246667.1.
    Star
    suggested: (STAR, RRID:SCR_004463)
    http://www.gencodegenes.org
    suggested: (HapMap 3 and ENCODE 3, RRID:SCR_004563)
    GENCODE
    suggested: (GENCODE, RRID:SCR_014966)
    Differential gene expression was determined by DESeq2 (10).
    DESeq2
    suggested: (DESeq, RRID:SCR_000154)
    Pathway analysis was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Statistics: Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism version 8 software.
    Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
    suggested: (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, RRID:SCR_008653)
    GraphPad Prism
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: Please consider improving the rainbow (“jet”) colormap(s) used on pages 19 and 21. At least one figure is not accessible to readers with colorblindness and/or is not true to the data, i.e. not perceptually uniform.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.