The in vitro antiviral activity of the anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) drugs daclatasvir and sofosbuvir against SARS-CoV-2

This article has been Reviewed by the following groups

Read the full article

Abstract

Current approaches of drugs repurposing against 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have not proven overwhelmingly successful and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic continues to cause major global mortality. Daclatasvir (DCV) and sofosbuvir (SFV) are clinically approved against hepatitis C virus (HCV), with satisfactory safety profile. DCV and SFV target the HCV enzymes NS5A and NS5B, respectively. NS5A is endowed with pleotropic activities, which overlap with several proteins from SARS-CoV-2. HCV NS5B and SARS-CoV-2 nsp12 are RNA polymerases that share homology in the nucleotide uptake channel. We thus tested whether SARS-COV-2 would be susceptible these anti-HCV drugs. DCV consistently inhibited the production of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells, in the hepatoma cell line (HuH-7) and in type II pneumocytes (Calu-3), with potencies of 0.8, 0.6 and 1.1 μM, respectively. Although less potent than DCV, SFV and its nucleoside metabolite inhibited replication in Calu-3 cells. Moreover, SFV/DCV combination (1:0.15 ratio) inhibited SARS-CoV-2 with EC 50 of 0.7:0.1 μM in Calu-3 cells. SFV and DCV prevented virus-induced neuronal apoptosis and release of cytokine storm-related inflammatory mediators, respectively. Both drugs inhibited independent events during RNA synthesis and this was particularly the case for DCV, which also targeted secondary RNA structures in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Concentrations required for partial DCV in vitro activity are achieved in plasma at Cmax after administration of the approved dose to humans. Doses higher than those approved may ultimately be required, but these data provide a basis to further explore these agents as COVID-19 antiviral candidates.

Article activity feed

  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2020.06.15.153411: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    NIH rigor criteria are not applicable to paper type.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    The purity of human monocytes was above 95%, as determined by flow cytometric analysis (FACScan; Becton Dickinson) using anti-CD3 (BD Biosciences) and anti-CD16 (Southern Biotech) monoclonal antibodies.
    anti-CD3
    suggested: None
    anti-CD16
    suggested: None
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    The materials for cell culture were purchased from Thermo Scientific Life Sciences (Grand Island, NY), unless otherwise mentioned. 4.2. Cells and Virus: African green monkey kidney (Vero, subtype E6) and, human hepatoma (Huh-7), human lung epithelial cell lines (A549 and Calu-3) cells were cultured in high glucose DMEM and human hepatoma lineage (Huh-7) in low glucose DMEM medium, both complemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone, Logan, Utah), 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Pen/Strep; ThermoFisher) at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2.
    Huh-7
    suggested: None
    Calu-3
    suggested: KCLB Cat# 30055, RRID:CVCL_0609)
    Yield-reduction assay: Unless otherwise mentioned, Vero E6 cells were infected with a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.01.
    Vero E6
    suggested: RRID:CVCL_XD71)
    , −7, A549 and Calu-3) or 5 days (NSCs) supernatants were collected and harvested virus was quantified by PFU/mL or real time RT-PCR.
    A549
    suggested: NCI-DTP Cat# A549, RRID:CVCL_0023)
    Effective permeability of daclatasvir was scaled from apparent permeability from PAMPA (due to lack of available data, it was assumed the same in Caco-2 cells) using the in vitro – in vivo extrapolation[49,50] to compute the absorption rate from the small intestine.
    Caco-2
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    4.1. Reagents: The antivirals RDV and LPV/RTV (4:1 proportion) was pruchased from Selleckhem (https://www.selleckchem.com/).
    https://www.selleckchem.com/
    suggested: (Selleck Chemicals LLC, RRID:SCR_003823)
    ELISA assays were purchased from R&D Bioscience.
    R&D Bioscience
    suggested: (UMD Bioprocess Scale-Up Facility, RRID:SCR_012703)
    Next, aligned therough clustalW, usina the Mega 7.0 software. 4.9. TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP Nick End Labelling):
    clustalW
    suggested: (ClustalW, RRID:SCR_017277)
    4.11 PBPK model: DCV whole-body PBPK model was constructed in Python 3.5 (in PyCharm 20.1.2 (Communtiy edition) using packages – numpy v1.18.5, scipy v1.0.1 and matplotlib v2.1.2) which consists of various compartments representing all the organs and tissues of the body.
    Python
    suggested: (IPython, RRID:SCR_001658)
    PyCharm
    suggested: (PyCharm, RRID:SCR_018221)
    numpy
    suggested: (NumPy, RRID:SCR_008633)
    scipy
    suggested: (SciPy, RRID:SCR_008058)
    matplotlib
    suggested: (MatPlotLib, RRID:SCR_008624)
    The dose-response curves used to calculate EC50 and CC50 values were generated by variable slope plot from Prism GraphPad software 8.0.
    Prism GraphPad
    suggested: None

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We found bar graphs of continuous data. We recommend replacing bar graphs with more informative graphics, as many different datasets can lead to the same bar graph. The actual data may suggest different conclusions from the summary statistics. For more information, please see Weissgerber et al (2015).


    Results from JetFighter: Please consider improving the rainbow (“jet”) colormap(s) used on page 31. At least one figure is not accessible to readers with colorblindness and/or is not true to the data, i.e. not perceptually uniform.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.