Immunization with the receptor–binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 elicits antibodies cross-neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV without antibody-dependent enhancement

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Abstract

Recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Currently, there is no vaccine available for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. Like closely related severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 also uses its receptor-binding domain (RBD) on the spike (S) protein to engage the host receptor, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), facilitating subsequent viral entry. Here we report the immunogenicity and vaccine potential of SARS-CoV-2 RBD (SARS2-RBD)-based recombinant proteins. Immunization with SARS2-RBD recombinant proteins potently induced a multi-functional antibody response in mice. The resulting antisera could efficiently block the interaction between SARS2-RBD and ACE2, inhibit S-mediated cell-cell fusion, and neutralize both SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry and authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, the anti-RBD sera also exhibited cross binding, ACE2-blockade, and neutralization effects towards SARS-CoV. More importantly, we found that the anti-RBD sera did not promote antibody-dependent enhancement of either SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry or authentic virus infection of Fc receptor-bearing cells. These findings provide a solid foundation for developing RBD-based subunit vaccines for SARS-CoV2.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2020.05.21.107565: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Institutional Review Board StatementIACUC: Mouse immunization: All the animal experiments in this study were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Institut Pasteur of Shanghai.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.
    Cell Line Authenticationnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    For immunofluorescence analysis, cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized by 0.2% Triton X-100 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), and stained overnight at 4°C with an anti-N mouse polyclonal antibody generated in house.
    anti-N
    suggested: None
    The samples were finally incubated with Alexa Fluor 488-labeled donkey anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (1:1000, Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 37°C for 1 hour.
    anti-mouse IgG
    suggested: None
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    HEK 293T, A20, THP-1, and K562 cells were purchased from the Cell Bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences (www.cellbank.org.cn).
    THP-1
    suggested: None
    K562
    suggested: NCI-DTP Cat# K-562, RRID:CVCL_0004)
    Cell-cell fusion inhibition assay: HEK 293T cells were separately transfected with a plasmid encoding the SARS-CoV-2 S:EGFP fusion protein (pcDNA-S:EGFP) or with a plasmid encoding the hACE2:mCherry fusion protein (pcDNA-hACE2:mCherry).
    HEK 293T
    suggested: NCBI_Iran Cat# C498, RRID:CVCL_0063)
    The mixture was then onto VeroE6 cells overexpressing hACE2 (denoted as VeroE6-hACE2) preseeded in 48-well plates.
    VeroE6
    suggested: JCRB Cat# JCRB1819, RRID:CVCL_YQ49)
    Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains
    SentencesResources
    Two groups of six BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with the RBD vaccine and the control antigen, respectively, at days 0, 10, and 25.
    BALB/c
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Statistics analysis: All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism software v5.0. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were compared using log-rank test.
    GraphPad Prism
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.