SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike protein

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Abstract

Currently, COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been widely spread around the world; nevertheless, so far there exist no specific antiviral drugs for treatment of the disease, which poses great challenge to control and contain the virus. Here, we reported a research finding that SARS-CoV-2 invaded host cells via a novel route of CD147-spike protein (SP). SP bound to CD147, a receptor on the host cells, thereby mediating the viral invasion. Our further research confirmed this finding. First, in vitro antiviral tests indicated Meplazumab, an anti-CD147 humanized antibody, significantly inhibited the viruses from invading host cells, with an EC 50 of 24.86 μg/mL and IC 50 of 15.16 μg/mL. Second, we validated the interaction between CD147 and SP, with an affinity constant of 1.85×10 −7 M. Co-Immunoprecipitation and ELISA also confirmed the binding of the two proteins. Finally, the localization of CD147 and SP was observed in SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by immuno-electron microscope. Therefore, the discovery of the new route CD147-SP for SARS-CoV-2 invading host cells provides a critical target for development of specific antiviral drugs.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2020.03.14.988345: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Institutional Review Board StatementIRB: Ethics statement: This study was approved by the ethics committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University (KY20202005-1).
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.
    Cell Line AuthenticationAuthentication: Cell culture: The cell lines (Vero E6 and 293T) have been tested and authenticated using Short Tandem Repeat DNA profiling by Beijing Microread Genetics Co., Ltd (Beijing, China) and were cultured at 37°C under 5% CO2 in DMEM or RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin/streptomycin and 2% L-glutamine.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    Anti-CD147 antibody (HAb18, produced by our laboratory) and anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike antibody (40150-R007, Sino Biological, China) were used for antibody immobilization for Co-IP.
    Anti-CD147
    suggested: None
    After blocking with 5% non-fat milk for 1 hour, the membrane was incubated with the corresponding primary antibodies (anti-CD147, HAb18, produced by our laboratory, dilution 1:2000; anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike antibody, 40150-R007, Sino Biological, China, dilution 1:2000) at 4°C overnight.
    HAb18
    suggested: None
    The images were developed after incubation with the secondary antibodies (goat anti-mouse IgG(H+L) antibody, 31430, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA, dilution
    anti-mouse IgG(H+L
    suggested: None
    n 1:5000; goat anti-rabbit IgG(H+L) antibody; 31460, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA, dilution 1:5000) at room temperature for 1 hour.
    anti-rabbit IgG(H+L)
    suggested: None
    After washing with PBST, the samples were incubated with anti-CD147 antibody (HAb18, produced by our laboratory) for 1 hour; and then incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled goat anti-mouse antibody for 1 hour.
    anti-mouse
    suggested: None
    Subsequently, the samples were incubated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike antibody (40150-R007, Sino Biological, China) and then detected with HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibody for 1 hour at 37°C, the following steps were similar to those described earlier.
    anti-SARS-CoV-2
    suggested: None
    anti-rabbit
    suggested: None
    Having been blocked with goat serum for 30min, the sections was incubated with corresponding primary antibodies (anti-CD147, HAb18, produced by our laboratory, dilution 1:200; anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike antibody, 40150-R007, Sino Biological, China, dilution 1:400) for 16 hours at 4°C overnight.
    anti-CD147, HAb18
    suggested: None
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    Cell culture: The cell lines (Vero E6 and 293T) have been tested and authenticated using Short Tandem Repeat DNA profiling by Beijing Microread Genetics Co., Ltd (Beijing, China) and were cultured at 37°C under 5% CO2 in DMEM or RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin/streptomycin and 2% L-glutamine.
    293T
    suggested: None
    Immuno-electron microscope: Vero E6 cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 were harvested and treated with fixative at 4°C.
    Vero E6
    suggested: RRID:CVCL_XD71)
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    The results were analyzed by BIAevaluation software to determine the affinity constant.
    BIAevaluation
    suggested: (BIAevaluation Software, RRID:SCR_015936)
    Statistical Analysis: All the statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad prism 5.0.
    GraphPad
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • No conflict of interest statement was detected. If there are no conflicts, we encourage authors to explicit state so.
    • No funding statement was detected.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.