Development of an Effective Immune Response in Adults With Down Syndrome After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccination

  1. Laura Esparcia-Pinedo
  2. Ayla Yarci-Carrión
  3. Gloria Mateo-Jiménez
  4. Noelia Ropero
  5. Laura Gómez-Cabañas
  6. Ángel Lancho-Sánchez
  7. Patricia Almendro-Vázquez
  8. Enrique Martín-Gayo
  9. Estela Paz-Artal
  10. Francisco Sanchez-Madrid
  11. Fernando Moldenhauer
  12. Ainhoa Gutiérrez-Cobos
  13. Diego Real de Asúa
  14. Arantzazu Alfranca

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Abstract

Background

Immune dysregulation in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) leads to an increased risk for hospitalization and death due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and may impair the generation of protective immunity after vaccine administration.

Methods

The cellular and humoral responses of 55 individuals with DS who received a complete SARS-CoV-2 vaccination regime at 1 to 3 (visit [V 1]) and 6 (V2) months were characterized.

Results

SARS-CoV-2–reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes with a predominant Th1 phenotype were observed at V1 and increased at V2. Likewise, an increase in SARS-CoV-2–specific circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells and CD8+ CXCR5+ PD-1hi lymphocytes was already observed at V1 after vaccine administration. Specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S protein were detected in 96% and 98% of subjects at V1 and V2, respectively, although IgG titers decreased significantly between both time points.

Conclusions

Our findings show that DS individuals develop an effective immune response to usual regimes of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

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  1. Version published to 10.1093/cid/ciac590
  2. ScreenIT

    SciScore for 10.1101/2022.01.14.22269303: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Ethicsnot detected.
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    In line with the WHO International Standard study, the mathematical relationship of Abbott AU/mL unit to WHO BAU/mL unit would follow the equation: BAU/mL = 0.142 × AU/mL (STANDARDIZATION)
    Abbott
    suggested: (Abbott, RRID:SCR_010477)
    A positive control with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB; Sigma Aldrich) (1μg/ml), and a negative control with human β-actin peptide pool (PepMixTM; JPT Peptide Technologies) (1μg/ml) were included.
    SEB; Sigma Aldrich
    suggested: None
    Flow cytometry data were analyzed using FlowJo software (BD Becton Dickinson)
    FlowJo
    suggested: (FlowJo, RRID:SCR_008520)
    All data analyses were perfomed using Graph Pad Prism 8 Software (GraphPad Software, USA,
    GraphPad
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)
    ), R (version 4.0.0), and SPSS.
    SPSS
    suggested: (SPSS, RRID:SCR_002865)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).

    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.

    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.

    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.

    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.

    About SciScore

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  3. Version published to 10.1101/2022.01.14.22269303v1 on medRxiv