Vaccines elicit highly conserved cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron

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Abstract

The highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant has been shown to evade a substantial fraction of neutralizing antibody responses elicited by current vaccines that encode the WA1/2020 spike protein 1 . Cellular immune responses, particularly CD8 + T cell responses, probably contribute to protection against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection 2–6 . Here we show that cellular immunity induced by current vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is highly conserved to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike protein. Individuals who received the Ad26.COV2.S or BNT162b2 vaccines demonstrated durable spike-specific CD8 + and CD4 + T cell responses, which showed extensive cross-reactivity against both the Delta and the Omicron variants, including in central and effector memory cellular subpopulations. Median Omicron spike-specific CD8 + T cell responses were 82–84% of the WA1/2020 spike-specific CD8 + T cell responses. These data provide immunological context for the observation that current vaccines still show robust protection against severe disease with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant despite the substantially reduced neutralizing antibody responses 7,8 .

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2022.01.02.22268634: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    EthicsIRB: Both studies were approved by the BIDMC institutional review board.
    Consent: All participants provided informed consent.
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Cell Line Authenticationnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    The plates were washed with ELISPOT wash buffer and incubated for 2-4 h with Biotinylated mouse anti-human IFN-γ monoclonal antibody from MabTech (1 µg/mL).
    anti-human IFN-γ
    suggested: None
    106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells well were re-suspended in 100 µL of R10 media supplemented with CD49d monoclonal antibody (1 µg/mL) and CD28 monoclonal antibody (1 µg/mL).
    CD49d
    suggested: (BD Biosciences Cat# 347690, RRID:AB_647457)
    CD28
    suggested: None
    The next day, the cells were washed twice with DPBS, stained with aqua live/dead dye for 10 mins and then stained with predetermined titers of monoclonal antibodies against CD279 (clone EH12.1, BB700), CD4 (clone L200, BV711), CD27 (clone M-T271, BUV563), CD8 (clone SK1, BUV805), CD45RA (clone 5H9, APC H7) for 30 min.
    CD279
    suggested: (BD Biosciences Cat# 566460, RRID:AB_2744348)
    CD4
    suggested: None
    CD27
    suggested: (BD Biosciences Cat# 748705, RRID:AB_2873109)
    CD8
    suggested: (Abcam Cat# ab34397, RRID:AB_2291359)
    CD45RA
    suggested: None
    Cells were washed twice with 1X Perm Wash buffer (BD Perm/WashTM Buffer 10X in the CytoFix/CytoPerm Fixation/ Permeabilization kit diluted with MilliQ water and passed through 0.22µm filter) and stained with intracellularly with monoclonal antibodies against IFN-γ (clone B27; BUV395), and CD3 (clone SP34.2, Alexa 700), for 30 min.
    IFN-γ
    suggested: (BD Biosciences Cat# 563563, RRID:AB_2738277)
    CD3
    suggested: (BD Biosciences Cat# 556610, RRID:AB_396483)
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    In brief, the packaging construct psPAX2 (AIDS Resource and Reagent Program), luciferase reporter plasmid pLenti-CMV Puro-Luc (Addgene) and spike protein expressing pcDNA3.1-SARS-CoV-2 SΔCT were co-transfected into HEK293T cells (ATCC CRL_3216) with lipofectamine 2000 (ThermoFisher Scientific).
    HEK293T
    suggested: ATCC Cat# CRL-3216, RRID:CVCL_0063)
    To determine the neutralization activity of human serum, HEK293T-hACE2 cells were seeded in 96-well tissue culture plates at a density of 1.75 × 104 cells per well overnight.
    HEK293T-hACE2
    suggested: RRID:CVCL_A7UK)
    Recombinant DNA
    SentencesResources
    In brief, the packaging construct psPAX2 (AIDS Resource and Reagent Program), luciferase reporter plasmid pLenti-CMV Puro-Luc (Addgene) and spike protein expressing pcDNA3.1-SARS-CoV-2 SΔCT were co-transfected into HEK293T cells (ATCC CRL_3216) with lipofectamine 2000 (ThermoFisher Scientific).
    psPAX2
    suggested: RRID:Addgene_12260)
    pLenti-CMV Puro-Luc
    suggested: None
    pcDNA3.1-SARS-CoV-2
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Fixed cells were transferred to 96-well round bottom plate and analyzed by BD FACSymphony(tm) system.
    BD FACSymphony(tm
    suggested: None
    Data were analyzed using FlowJo v9.9.
    FlowJo
    suggested: (FlowJo, RRID:SCR_008520)
    Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were performed using GraphPad Prism 8.4.3, (GraphPad Software, San Diego, California).
    GraphPad Prism
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)
    GraphPad
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: We found the following clinical trial numbers in your paper:

    IdentifierStatusTitle
    NCT04436276Active, not recruitingA Study of Ad26.COV2.S in Adults (COVID-19)


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.


    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.