SARS-CoV-2 disease severity and transmission efficiency is increased for airborne compared to fomite exposure in Syrian hamsters
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Abstract
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is driven by contact, fomite, and airborne transmission. The relative contribution of different transmission routes remains subject to debate. Here, we show Syrian hamsters are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection through intranasal, aerosol and fomite exposure. Different routes of exposure present with distinct disease manifestations. Intranasal and aerosol inoculation causes severe respiratory pathology, higher virus loads and increased weight loss. In contrast, fomite exposure leads to milder disease manifestation characterized by an anti-inflammatory immune state and delayed shedding pattern. Whereas the overall magnitude of respiratory virus shedding is not linked to disease severity, the onset of shedding is. Early shedding is linked to an increase in disease severity. Airborne transmission is more efficient than fomite transmission and dependent on the direction of the airflow. Carefully characterized SARS-CoV-2 transmission models will be crucial to assess potential changes in transmission and pathogenic potential in the light of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2020.12.28.424565: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement IACUC: Ethics statement: Approval of animal experiments was obtained from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Rocky Mountain Laboratories. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable Inoculation experiments: Four to six-week-old female Syrian hamsters (ENVIGO) were inoculated (12 animals per route) either intranasally (I.N.), via aerosol exposure or via exposure to a fomite. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Using GenScript U864YFA140-4/CB2093 NP-1 (1:1000) specific anti-CoV immunoreactivity was detected using the Vector Laboratories … SciScore for 10.1101/2020.12.28.424565: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement IACUC: Ethics statement: Approval of animal experiments was obtained from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Rocky Mountain Laboratories. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable Inoculation experiments: Four to six-week-old female Syrian hamsters (ENVIGO) were inoculated (12 animals per route) either intranasally (I.N.), via aerosol exposure or via exposure to a fomite. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Using GenScript U864YFA140-4/CB2093 NP-1 (1:1000) specific anti-CoV immunoreactivity was detected using the Vector Laboratories ImPress VR anti-rabbit IgG polymer (# MP-6401) as secondary antibody. NP-1suggested: Noneanti-rabbit IgGsuggested: NoneSpike-specific antibodies were detected with goat anti-hamster IgG Fc (horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated, Abcam) for 1 h at RT and visualized with KPL TMB 2-component peroxidase substrate kit (SeraCare, 5120-0047). anti-hamster IgGsuggested: NoneCytokine analysis: Cytokine concentrations were determined using a commercial hamster ELISA kit for TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10 available at antibodies.com, according to the manufacturer’s instructions (antibodies.com; A74292, A74590, A74291, A74027, A75096). TNF-αsuggested: (Bio-Rad Cat# M6000007NY, RRID:AB_2784537)INF-γsuggested: NoneIL-6suggested: NoneIL-4suggested: NoneA74590suggested: NoneA74291suggested: NoneA75096suggested: NoneExperimental Models: Cell Lines Sentences Resources VeroE6 cells were inoculated with ten-fold serial dilutions of tissue homogenate, incubated 1 h at 37°C, the first two dilutions washed twice with 2% DMEM. VeroE6suggested: JCRB Cat# JCRB1819, RRID:CVCL_YQ49)Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources Statistical Analysis: Heatmaps and correlation graphs were made in R [64] using pheatmap [65] and corrplot [66] packages. pheatmapsuggested: (pheatmap, RRID:SCR_016418)Results from OddPub: Thank you for sharing your data.
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2020.12.28.424565: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement Materials and Methods Ethics statement Approval of animal experiments was obtained from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Rocky Mountain Laboratories. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable Inoculation experiments Four to six-week-old female Syrian hamsters (ENVIGO) were inoculated (12 animals per route) either intranasally (I.N.), via aerosol exposure or via exposure to a fomite. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Using GenScript U864YFA140-4/CB2093 NP-1 (1:1000) specific anti-CoV immunoreactivity was detected using the Vector … SciScore for 10.1101/2020.12.28.424565: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement Materials and Methods Ethics statement Approval of animal experiments was obtained from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Rocky Mountain Laboratories. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable Inoculation experiments Four to six-week-old female Syrian hamsters (ENVIGO) were inoculated (12 animals per route) either intranasally (I.N.), via aerosol exposure or via exposure to a fomite. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Using GenScript U864YFA140-4/CB2093 NP-1 (1:1000) specific anti-CoV immunoreactivity was detected using the Vector Laboratories ImPress VR anti-rabbit IgG polymer (# MP-6401) as secondary antibody. NP-1suggested: Noneanti-rabbit IgGsuggested: NoneSpike-specific antibodies were detected with goat anti-hamster IgG Fc (horseradish peroxidase (HRP)- conjugated, Abcam) for 1 h at RT and visualized with KPL TMB 2-component peroxidase substrate kit (SeraCare, 5120-0047). anti-hamster IgGsuggested: NoneCytokine analysis Cytokine concentrations were determined using a commercial hamster ELISA kit for TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10 available at antibodies.com, according to the manufacturer’s instructions (antibodies.com; A74292, A74590, A74291, A74027, A75096). TNF-αsuggested: (Bio-Rad Cat# M6000007NY, RRID:AB_2784537)INF-γsuggested: NoneIL-6suggested: NoneIL-4suggested: NoneA74590suggested: NoneA74291suggested: NoneExperimental Models: Cell Lines Sentences Resources Virus propagation was performed in VeroE6 cells in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 2% foetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin and μg/mL streptomycin. VeroE6suggested: JCRB Cat# JCRB1819, RRID:CVCL_YQ49)Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources Statistical Analysis Heatmaps and correlation graphs were made in R [64] using pheatmap [65] and corrplot [66] packages. pheatmapsuggested: (pheatmap, RRID:SCR_016418)Results from OddPub: Thank you for sharing your data.
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.
Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
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