SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are transmitted through the air between ferrets over more than one meter distance
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019 and caused a pandemic, whereas the closely related SARS-CoV was contained rapidly in 2003. Here, an experimental set-up is used to study transmission of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 through the air between ferrets over more than a meter distance. Both viruses cause a robust productive respiratory tract infection resulting in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to two of four indirect recipient ferrets and SARS-CoV to all four. A control pandemic A/H1N1 influenza virus also transmits efficiently. Serological assays confirm all virus transmission events. Although the experiments do not discriminate between transmission via small aerosols, large droplets and fomites, these results demonstrate that SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 can remain infectious while traveling through the air. Efficient virus transmission between ferrets is in agreement with frequent SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in mink farms. Although the evidence for virus transmission via the air between humans under natural conditions is absent or weak for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, ferrets may represent a sensitive model to study interventions aimed at preventing virus transmission.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2020.10.19.345363: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable Influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2 and Aleutian Disease Virus seronegative 6 month-old female ferrets (Mustela putorius furo), weighing 640– 1215 g, were obtained from a commercial breeder (TripleF, USA). Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Bound antibodies were detected using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labelled goat anti-ferret IgG (Abcam) and 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB, Life Technologies) as a substrate. anti-ferret IgGsuggested: NoneExperimental Models: Cell Lines Sentences Resources MDCK cells were … SciScore for 10.1101/2020.10.19.345363: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable Influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2 and Aleutian Disease Virus seronegative 6 month-old female ferrets (Mustela putorius furo), weighing 640– 1215 g, were obtained from a commercial breeder (TripleF, USA). Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Bound antibodies were detected using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labelled goat anti-ferret IgG (Abcam) and 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB, Life Technologies) as a substrate. anti-ferret IgGsuggested: NoneExperimental Models: Cell Lines Sentences Resources MDCK cells were maintained in EMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Greiner), 100 IU ml-1 penicillin-100 µg ml-1 streptomycin mixture (Lonza), 200 mM L-glutamine (Lonza), 1.5 mg ml-1 sodium bicarbonate (Lonza), 10 mM Hepes (Lonza), and 1x nonessential amino acids (Lonza). MDCKsuggested: NoneVero E6 cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, Gibco or Lonza) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Greiner), 100 IU ml-1 penicillin-100 µg ml-1 streptomycin mixture (Lonza), 2 mM L-glutamine (Lonza), 1.5 mg ml-1 sodium bicarbonate (Lonza) and 10 mM Hepes (Lonza). Vero E6suggested: RRID:CVCL_XD71)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No funding statement was detected.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
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