Virus‐Free and Live‐Cell Visualizing SARS‐CoV‐2 Cell Entry for Studies of Neutralizing Antibodies and Compound Inhibitors
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Abstract
The ongoing corona virus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, has resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths. Cellular entry of SARS‐CoV‐2, which is mediated by the viral spike protein and ACE2 receptor, is an essential target for the development of vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and drugs. Using a mammalian cell expression system, a genetically engineered sensor of fluorescent protein (Gamillus)‐fused SARS‐CoV‐2 spike trimer (STG) to probe the viral entry process is developed. In ACE2‐expressing cells, it is found that the STG probe has excellent performance in the live‐cell visualization of receptor binding, cellular uptake, and intracellular trafficking of SARS‐CoV‐2 under virus‐free conditions. The new system allows quantitative analyses of the inhibition potentials and detailed influence of COVID‐19‐convalescent human plasmas, neutralizing antibodies and compounds, providing a versatile tool for high‐throughput screening and phenotypic characterization of SARS‐CoV‐2 entry inhibitors. This approach may also be adapted to develop a viral entry visualization system for other viruses.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.22.215236: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement IRB: The study was approved by the institutional review board of the School of Public Health in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and written informed consent was obtained.
Consent: The study was approved by the institutional review board of the School of Public Health in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and written informed consent was obtained.Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Generation and production of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S: Balb/c mice were intraperitoneal … SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.22.215236: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement IRB: The study was approved by the institutional review board of the School of Public Health in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and written informed consent was obtained.
Consent: The study was approved by the institutional review board of the School of Public Health in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and written informed consent was obtained.Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Generation and production of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S: Balb/c mice were intraperitoneal immunized with 5 μg of SARS-CoV2-RBD (expression in this study, n=5), SARS-CoV2-S1 (Sino Biological, 40591-V08H, n=3) and SARS-CoV2-S2 (Sino Biological, 40590-V08B, n=3), respectively. SARS-CoV2-S2suggested: NoneThe titers for TAb, IgG, and IgM antibody were calculated via S/CO multiplied by the maximum dilution factors. IgMsuggested: NoneCommercial antibodies were used to detect intracellular ACE2 (Sino Biological, 10108-T56), TMPRSS2 (Abcam, ab92323), and GAPDH (Proteintech, HRP-60004) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. TMPRSS2suggested: (Abcam Cat# ab92323, RRID:AB_10585592)GAPDHsuggested: (Proteintech Cat# HRP-60004, RRID:AB_2737588)Experimental Models: Cell Lines Sentences Resources Cell lines: The cell lines of 293T, H1299, H1299-ACE2hR, 293T-ACE2hR and 293T-ACE2iRb3 were Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (Sigma, D6429) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Thermo Scientific, 10099-141), 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids (Thermo Scientific,1140-050), and were incubated at 37C° and 5% CO2 in a humidified incubator. H1299suggested: NoneThe mixtures were then added to a monolayer of Vero cells (104 cells per well, pre-washed twice with PBS) in a 96-well plate and incubated at 37°C. Verosuggested: RRID:CVCL_ZW93)Cell imaging assays: For direct visualizing the cellular binding and uptake of RBD or spike proteins, the 293T-ACE2iRb3 cells were seeded at 2×104 cells per well in poly-D-lysine pretreated CellCarrier-96 Black plate. 293T-ACE2iRb3suggested: NoneTo visualize compound-induced influence on viral entry, 293T-ACE2iRb3 (Figure 6C-D, Figure S11A) or H1299-ACE2hR cells (Figure S11B) were pretreated with serial dilutions of compounds for 1-hour. H1299-ACE2hRsuggested: NoneExperimental Models: Organisms/Strains Sentences Resources Generation and production of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S: Balb/c mice were intraperitoneal immunized with 5 μg of SARS-CoV2-RBD (expression in this study, n=5), SARS-CoV2-S1 (Sino Biological, 40591-V08H, n=3) and SARS-CoV2-S2 (Sino Biological, 40590-V08B, n=3), respectively. Balb/csuggested: NoneSoftware and Algorithms Sentences Resources Particle picking, two rounds of reference-free 2D classification and final 3D reconstruction were performed by the programs cryoSPARC v2 42. cryoSPARCsuggested: (cryoSPARC, RRID:SCR_016501)The ID50/IC50 values were determined by 4PL regression GraphPad Prism v8.0. GraphPadsuggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)GraphPad Prism version 8.0.1 was used for all statistical calculations. GraphPad Prismsuggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: Please consider improving the rainbow (“jet”) colormap(s) used on page 33. At least one figure is not accessible to readers with colorblindness and/or is not true to the data, i.e. not perceptually uniform.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
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