Virus‐Free and Live‐Cell Visualizing SARS‐CoV‐2 Cell Entry for Studies of Neutralizing Antibodies and Compound Inhibitors

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Abstract

The ongoing corona virus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, has resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths. Cellular entry of SARS‐CoV‐2, which is mediated by the viral spike protein and ACE2 receptor, is an essential target for the development of vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and drugs. Using a mammalian cell expression system, a genetically engineered sensor of fluorescent protein (Gamillus)‐fused SARS‐CoV‐2 spike trimer (STG) to probe the viral entry process is developed. In ACE2‐expressing cells, it is found that the STG probe has excellent performance in the live‐cell visualization of receptor binding, cellular uptake, and intracellular trafficking of SARS‐CoV‐2 under virus‐free conditions. The new system allows quantitative analyses of the inhibition potentials and detailed influence of COVID‐19‐convalescent human plasmas, neutralizing antibodies and compounds, providing a versatile tool for high‐throughput screening and phenotypic characterization of SARS‐CoV‐2 entry inhibitors. This approach may also be adapted to develop a viral entry visualization system for other viruses.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.22.215236: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Institutional Review Board StatementIRB: The study was approved by the institutional review board of the School of Public Health in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and written informed consent was obtained.
    Consent: The study was approved by the institutional review board of the School of Public Health in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and written informed consent was obtained.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.
    Cell Line Authenticationnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    Generation and production of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S: Balb/c mice were intraperitoneal immunized with 5 μg of SARS-CoV2-RBD (expression in this study, n=5), SARS-CoV2-S1 (Sino Biological, 40591-V08H, n=3) and SARS-CoV2-S2 (Sino Biological, 40590-V08B, n=3), respectively.
    SARS-CoV2-S2
    suggested: None
    The titers for TAb, IgG, and IgM antibody were calculated via S/CO multiplied by the maximum dilution factors.
    IgM
    suggested: None
    Commercial antibodies were used to detect intracellular ACE2 (Sino Biological, 10108-T56), TMPRSS2 (Abcam, ab92323), and GAPDH (Proteintech, HRP-60004) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
    TMPRSS2
    suggested: (Abcam Cat# ab92323, RRID:AB_10585592)
    GAPDH
    suggested: (Proteintech Cat# HRP-60004, RRID:AB_2737588)
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    Cell lines: The cell lines of 293T, H1299, H1299-ACE2hR, 293T-ACE2hR and 293T-ACE2iRb3 were Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (Sigma, D6429) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Thermo Scientific, 10099-141), 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids (Thermo Scientific,1140-050), and were incubated at 37C° and 5% CO2 in a humidified incubator.
    H1299
    suggested: None
    The mixtures were then added to a monolayer of Vero cells (104 cells per well, pre-washed twice with PBS) in a 96-well plate and incubated at 37°C.
    Vero
    suggested: RRID:CVCL_ZW93)
    Cell imaging assays: For direct visualizing the cellular binding and uptake of RBD or spike proteins, the 293T-ACE2iRb3 cells were seeded at 2×104 cells per well in poly-D-lysine pretreated CellCarrier-96 Black plate.
    293T-ACE2iRb3
    suggested: None
    To visualize compound-induced influence on viral entry, 293T-ACE2iRb3 (Figure 6C-D, Figure S11A) or H1299-ACE2hR cells (Figure S11B) were pretreated with serial dilutions of compounds for 1-hour.
    H1299-ACE2hR
    suggested: None
    Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains
    SentencesResources
    Generation and production of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S: Balb/c mice were intraperitoneal immunized with 5 μg of SARS-CoV2-RBD (expression in this study, n=5), SARS-CoV2-S1 (Sino Biological, 40591-V08H, n=3) and SARS-CoV2-S2 (Sino Biological, 40590-V08B, n=3), respectively.
    Balb/c
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Particle picking, two rounds of reference-free 2D classification and final 3D reconstruction were performed by the programs cryoSPARC v2 42.
    cryoSPARC
    suggested: (cryoSPARC, RRID:SCR_016501)
    The ID50/IC50 values were determined by 4PL regression GraphPad Prism v8.0.
    GraphPad
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)
    GraphPad Prism version 8.0.1 was used for all statistical calculations.
    GraphPad Prism
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: Please consider improving the rainbow (“jet”) colormap(s) used on page 33. At least one figure is not accessible to readers with colorblindness and/or is not true to the data, i.e. not perceptually uniform.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.