Antiviral activity of plant juices and green tea against SARS‐CoV ‐2 and influenza virus
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Abstract
Respiratory viruses pose a significant threat to global health. They initially infect the naso‐ and oropharyngeal regions, where they amplify, cause symptoms, and may also be transmitted to new hosts. Preventing initial infection or reducing viral loads upon infection might soothe symptoms, prevent dissemination into the lower airways, or transmission to the next individual. Several natural products have well‐described direct antiviral activity or may ameliorate symptoms of respiratory infections. We thus analyzed the potential of plant‐derived products to inactivate respiratory viral pathogens and determined the antiviral activity of black chokeberry ( Aronia melanocarpae [Michx.] Elliott ), elderberry ( Sambucus nigra L.), and pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) juice, as well as green tea ( Camellia sinensis [L.] Kuntze) on the infectivity of the surrogate‐modified vaccinia virus Ankara, and the respiratory viruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), influenza A virus (IAV), and adenovirus Type 5. Black chokeberry and pomegranate juice, and green tea reduced SARS‐CoV‐2 and IAV titers by ≥80% or ≥99%. This suggests that oral rinsing with these products may reduce viral loads in the oral cavity which might prevent viral transmission.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2020.10.30.360545: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Experimental Models: Cell Lines Sentences Resources Madin Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) and A549 (adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial) cells were grown in minimal essential medium with Earle’s salts (EMEM; Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany) supplemented with 1% non-essential aminoacids (Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany), 10% FCS. MDCKsuggested: NoneModified vaccinia virus Ankara (provided from the Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health of the University Leipzig) … SciScore for 10.1101/2020.10.30.360545: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Experimental Models: Cell Lines Sentences Resources Madin Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) and A549 (adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial) cells were grown in minimal essential medium with Earle’s salts (EMEM; Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany) supplemented with 1% non-essential aminoacids (Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany), 10% FCS. MDCKsuggested: NoneModified vaccinia virus Ankara (provided from the Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health of the University Leipzig) was passaged on BHK-21 cells (provided by Friedrich Löffler institute), influenza A virus A/H1N1/Brisbane/59/2007 (Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH & Co. BHK-21suggested: NoneKG) on MDCK cells (ATCC), adenovirus type 5, strain adenoid 75 (kindly provided by Prof. Sauerbrei, University of Jena, Jena, Germany) on A549 cells (ATCC) and SARS-CoV-2 BetaCoV/France/IDF0372/2020 (obtained through European Virus Archive global) on Vero E6 cells (ATCC). A549suggested: NoneVero E6suggested: RRID:CVCL_XD71)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No funding statement was detected.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2020.10.30.360545: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Experimental Models: Cell Lines Sentences Resources Madin Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) and A549 (adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial) cells were grown in minimal essential medium with Earle’s salts (EMEM; Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany) supplemented with 1% non-essential aminoacids (Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany), 10% FCS. MDCKsuggested: NoneModified … SciScore for 10.1101/2020.10.30.360545: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable not detected. Cell Line Authentication not detected. Table 2: Resources
Experimental Models: Cell Lines Sentences Resources Madin Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) and A549 (adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial) cells were grown in minimal essential medium with Earle’s salts (EMEM; Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany) supplemented with 1% non-essential aminoacids (Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany), 10% FCS. MDCKsuggested: NoneModified vaccinia virus Ankara (provided from the Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health of the University Leipzig) was passaged on BHK-21 cells (provided by Friedrich Löffler institute), influenza A virus A/H1N1/Brisbane/59/2007 (Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH & Co. BHK-21suggested: NoneKG) on MDCK cells (ATCC), adenovirus type 5, strain adenoid 75 (kindly provided by Prof. Sauerbrei, University of Jena, Jena, Germany) on A549 cells (ATCC) and SARS-CoV-2 BetaCoV/France/IDF0372/2020 (obtained through European Virus Archive global) on Vero E6 cells (ATCC). A549suggested: NoneVero E6suggested: RRID:CVCL_XD71)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.
Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We found bar graphs of continuous data. We recommend replacing bar graphs with more informative graphics, as many different datasets can lead to the same bar graph. The actual data may suggest different conclusions from the summary statistics. For more information, please see Weissgerber et al (2015).
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
About SciScore
SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.
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