Sensing of COVID‐19 Antibodies in Seconds via Aerosol Jet Nanoprinted Reduced‐Graphene‐Oxide‐Coated 3D Electrodes

  1. Md. Azahar Ali
  2. Chunshan Hu
  3. Sanjida Jahan
  4. Bin Yuan
  5. Mohammad Sadeq Saleh
  6. Enguo Ju
  7. Shou‐Jiang Gao
  8. Rahul Panat

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Abstract

Rapid diagnosis is critical for the treatment and prevention of diseases. An advanced nanomaterial‐based biosensing platform that detects COVID‐19 antibodies within seconds is reported. The biosensing platform is created by 3D nanoprinting of three‐dimensional electrodes, coating the electrodes by nanoflakes of reduced‐graphene‐oxide (rGO), and immobilizing specific viral antigens on the rGO nanoflakes. The electrode is then integrated with a microfluidic device and used in a standard electrochemical cell. When antibodies are introduced on the electrode surface, they selectively bind with the antigens, changing the impedance of the electrical circuit which is detected via impedance spectroscopy. Antibodies to SARS‐CoV‐2 spike S1 protein and its receptor‐binding‐domain (RBD) are detected at a limit‐of‐detection of 2.8  × 10 −15 and 16.9  × 10 −15 m , respectively, and read by a smartphone‐based user interface. The sensor can be regenerated within a minute by introducing a low‐pH chemistry that elutes the antibodies from the antigens, allowing successive sensing of test samples using the same sensor. Sensing of S1 and RBD antibodies is specific, which cross‐reacts neither with other antibodies such as RBD, S1, and nucleocapsid antibody nor with proteins such as interleukin‐6. The proposed sensing platform could also be useful to detect biomarkers for other infectious agents such as Ebola, HIV, and Zika.

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  3. Version published to 10.1002/adma.202006647
  4. ScreenIT

    SciScore for 10.1101/2020.09.13.20193722: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Institutional Review Board Statementnot detected.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.
    Cell Line Authenticationnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    Two rabbit immunoglobin (IgG) antibodies, SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 antibody (10 μL), and SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD antibody (10 μL) were also obtained from Sino Biological US Inc., Wayne, PA.
    Two rabbit immunoglobin (IgG)
    suggested: None
    immunoglobin (IgG
    suggested: None
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    Human recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike S1-His protein (50 p,g/mL) and SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD)-His protein (50 μg/mL) expressed in HEK293 cells, were the antigens purchased from the Sino Biological US Inc., Wayne, PA.
    HEK293
    suggested: CLS Cat# 300192/p777_HEK293, RRID:CVCL_0045)
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    To pattern Au/Cr layer, a shadow mask was created using a Kapton tape which cut using an automated cutter (Silhouette Curio™, Silhouette America®, Inc., Lindon, UT) with the aid of AutoCAD software (AutoCAD 2015, Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, CA).
    AutoCAD
    suggested: None

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).

    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.

    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.

    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.

    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.

  5. Version published to 10.1101/2020.09.13.20193722v1 on medRxiv