Glucocorticoid Programming of Erythrocyte Hypoxic Memory Enables Rapid High-Altitude Acclimatization
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Background
Rapid ascent to high altitude causes acute mountain sickness (AMS) and life-threatening pulmonary/cerebral edema, yet no prophylaxis enables immediate acclimatization. Intermittent hypoxia training (IHT) establishes a “hypoxic memory” that accelerates adaptation, to high altitude, but its cellular and molecular basis remains undefined, precluding effective pharmacological strategies.
Methods
A human cohort of 18 sea-level inhibitants was equally divided into two groups, one group received IHT prior to ascent to 3,500 meters, the other group did not. Multi-omics profiling of erythrocytes and plasma, along with isotopic glucose tracing, was employed to examine the metabolic effects of IHT upon high altitude acclimatization. Preclinical studies with genetically engineered mice were used to further define the molecular and metabolic basis of IHT-induced hypoxic memory allowing rapid acclimatization to high altitude.
Results
Metabolomics revealed glucocorticoids as previously unrecognized endogenous erythroid hypoxic memory orchestrators induced by IHT that negatively correlated with AMS severity. Lipidomics and isotopic glucose tracing demonstrated that glucocorticoid signaling via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) coordinately enhanced glucose metabolism and activated sphingosine kinase-1 (SPHK1)-driven sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) synthesis, pre-conditioning erythrocyte oxygen unloading and antioxidant capacity. Glucocorticoid supplementation enhanced erythrocyte SPHK1 activation and oxygen delivery, counteracting multi-tissue hypoxia and pulmonary and renal neutrophil infiltration. Conversely, erythrocyte-specific Sphk1 ablation abolished glucocorticoid-induced S1P production causing severe tissue hypoxia and exaggerated pulmonary neutrophil infiltration.
Conclusions
We establish a new function of glucocorticoids in erythrocyte metabolic plasticity to enhance oxygen delivery as a hypoxic memory mechanism for rapid adaptation to high altitude. This previously unrecognized GR-mediated reprograming of glucose and sphingolipid metabolism offers a transformative precision pharmacologic strategy for high altitude preconditioning, high altitude emergencies and hypoxia-driven diseases.
