Targeting Microbial Bile Salt Hydrolase Reprograms Bile Acid Metabolism and Ameliorates Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatohepatitis in Mice

Microbial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) plays a central role in shaping bile acid composition and gut–liver metabolic signaling, yet its therapeutic potential in metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH) remains incompletely defined. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of the non-absorbable BSH inhibitor GR-7 in a diet induced mouse model of steatohepatitis using early and late intervention strategies with different dosing regimens. GR-7 reduced food intake and exerted stage- and dose-dependent therapeutic effects, with early intervention robustly suppressing hepatic fibrosis even at low dose, whereas late-stage administration of high-dose GR-7 markedly reduced hepatic steatosis and inflammation, as evidenced by decreased liver weight, hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and plasma ALT. Although late intervention did not result in statistically significant histological reversal of fibrosis, a trend toward improvement was observed, together with suppression of fibrogenic gene expression, suggesting that prolonged treatment may further enhance antifibrotic efficacy. Mechanistically, GR-7 effectively inhibited microbial BSH activity in vivo, leading to reduced cecal unconjugated primary and secondary bile acids—including deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, which was associated with improved gut barrier integrity and reduced hepatic inflammation. In parallel, BSH inhibition reprogrammed hepatic bile acid metabolism toward activation of the alternative CYP27A1-mediated synthesis pathway, accompanied by reduced food intake, thereby contributing to improved hepatic lipid accumulation. Furthermore, late-stage high-dose treatment selectively remodeled the hepatic immune landscape rather than fully restoring homeostasis, highlighting immune recalibration as a key component of therapeutic response. Together, these findings identify microbial BSH inhibition as a promising microbiome-targeted therapeutic strategy for MASH.