Environmentally-determined symbiont communities highlight flexibility of Aiptasia-algal symbiosis

The mechanisms driving host-symbiont associations across space and time in contemporary mutualisms can give insight into the capacity for symbiotic organisms to respond to environmental change. High specificity between partners can increase cooperation and facilitate efficient holobiont selection, whereas low specificity could reduce host benefit, but facilitate adaptive associations across heterogeneous environments. The present study explores specificity in natural populations of a cnidarian-algal model, Exaiptasia diaphana , across a latitudinal gradient to understand the genetic and environmental effects driving host-symbiont associations, and their relation to heritable and/or environmental symbiont acquisition. We found that symbiotic associations were extremely flexible in E. diaphana , regardless of transmission mode. E. diaphana were capable of associating with diverse symbiont communities across genetically identical hosts seeded with vertically transmitted symbionts, as well as across highly connected host populations which acquire symbionts horizontally. Host population connectivity was complex and unrelated to geographic distance, whereas symbiont community composition tracked the thermal gradient, potentially due to context dependent biotic interactions. These results indicate that in a flexible symbiosis, symbiont communities are environmentally-determined, suggesting the future of this symbiosis will likely depend on climate adaptation of symbionts.