Aging selectively impairs how peripheral vision calibrates anticipatory postural responses to object motion

Anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) scale with velocity of approaching objects, with scaling magnitude depending on whether the moving object is actively foveated and tracked, processed through fixated peripheral vision, or processed through fixated central vision. Aging preferentially degrades the magnocellular pathway underlying peripheral motion processing while sparing the extraretinal signals available during smooth pursuit. We therefore asked whether the effect of aging on velocity-dependent APA scaling differs across these three visual pathways. Eighteen young and eighteen older adults stopped a virtual object approaching at four velocities (15–33 cm/s) under three gaze conditions: active foveation via smooth pursuit, central fixation, and peripheral fixation. We measured peak anticipatory force, rate of force development, and time to contact at force onset. Despite reduced smooth pursuit gain in older adults, velocity-dependent scaling was equivalent between age groups during active foveation, and minimal in both groups during central fixation. Critically, young adults scaled force rate during peripheral fixation nearly as steeply as during active foveation, whereas older adults’ slope was significantly lower — a difference not observed during the other gaze conditions. Older adults achieved comparable peak force by initiating responses earlier. These results establish that age-related decline in anticipatory motor control is pathway-specific: aging selectively impairs peripheral motion processing for APAs, while extraretinal mechanisms remain capable of sustaining velocity-dependent scaling. More broadly, peripheral motion processing emerges as a candidate physiological locus of age-related postural vulnerability, raising the question of whether magnocellular-targeted training can restore APA scaling in older adults.