Enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and ROS modulation promotes cold stress tolerance of indica rice

Indica rice, being a tropical crop, is highly sensitive to cold temperature. Cold stress affects vegetative growth, photosynthetic efficiency, along with reproductive features. Genetic resource screening in diverse landraces is an approach for identifying cold-tolerant traits. Here, we have characterised a boro germplasm, CB1, with an efficient germination rate and growth vigour when treated at chilling temperatures. CB1 seedlings show a higher survival rate compared to IR36 when subjected to prolonged chilling stress. Biochemical analyses indicated efficient ROS modulation, higher chlorophyll content, enhanced photosystem II efficiency and unique stomatal traits, leading to higher relative water content in CB1 plants during stress and recovery. Transcriptome analysis supported upregulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosystem, & light harvesting complex and ROS scavenger genes in CB1 seedlings. Interestingly, high D1 protein turnover in CB1 promotes damage-repair of PSII for efficient photosynthesis. Furthermore, key transcription factors for stomatal development and expression of photosynthetic genes were upregulated in CB1 during stress recovery. Notably, higher expression of OsGLK1 and enrichment of GLK1 targets were observed in CB1 plants during chilling stress and recovery. Taken together, our results suggested that CB1 plants exhibit cold tolerance by modulating photosynthesis efficiency and stomatal behavior for better adaptability and survival against chilling temperature.